...Ali Erken Student movements in the twentieth century Middle East have received less attention than many other topics in the study of the region's cultural and political history. Yet the rapidly changing demographic composition of the region since the 1960s have made young people and youth activism...

...) in 1957. The essay emphasizes specific geopolitical and colonial incentives that had lain behind the European integration project ever since the pan-European blueprints the interwar period and which became critical with the Suez crisis and decolonization movements of the 1950s. As the essay demonstrates...

...Ioannis Mantzikos This essay examines the Islamic movement's role in shaping Sudan's regional relations and politics, particularly in the greater Horn of Africa. The focus is on the competing foreign policies adopted by the Islamic regime in Khartoum in 1989 and the extent to which the radical...

... of the crisis to address the rise of the local Islamist movement with the use of security dilemma theory. Ioannis Mantzikos is a doctoral candidate at King’s College, London. Copyright 2012 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2012 The International Community’s Role in the Radicalization...

... countries used membership in the Non-Aligned Movement and later their connections with the European Union to gain leverage in foreign relations with more powerful states, especially in matters involving the Mediterranean region. During the Cold War and its aftermath, their ties with Middle Eastern neighbors...

... movements emerging from the revolution. Luisa Gandolfo is a lecturer in sociology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. Copyright 2015 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2015 Tunisia revolution religion political Islam politics From Authoritarian to Free State: Balancing Faith...

..., and historical factors that have helped form the modern Darfur states, focusing particularly on the rise of the Islamist movement in Khartoum. It asserts that understanding these factors is necessary to devise an effective international response to the current crisis in the Darfur region. Mediterranean Affairs...

... in anti-immigrant movements in Malta. Derek Lutterbeck is deputy director for academic affairs at the Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta. Copyright 2009 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2009 Small Frontier Island: Malta and the Challenge...

... that, instead, viewing it simply as a Greek problem that needs to be isolated and “corrected” will not solve a fundamental issue that underlies Europe's predicament. There cannot be successful monetary integration without robust movement toward fiscal and perhaps political integration. Mediterranean Affairs...

...Anthony N. Celso The political transformations under way in the Arab world and the killing of Osama bin Laden raise serious questions about al Qaeda’s long-term viability. The secular-liberal Arab Spring protest movement appears to be winning the war of ideas over al Qaeda’s violent religious...

... movement toward autocracy via several dimensions: a greater control over the judicial branch and over public freedoms, in general, and freedom of the press, in particular. presidential system, AKP judiciary civil liberties power personalization Copyright 2018 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc...

... that ideology and sought to fashion governments and societies in their coun- tries along the democratic model. But they found themselves opposed by fel- low Muslims that rejected that model. These opponents of democracy devel- oped a revolutionary, totalitarian movement, which, they contended, refl ected...

..., a significant number of ethnic Albanians had manned the Otto- 1. On the development of the Albanian national movement in the period from 1878 to 1912, see the classic study Stavro Skendi, The Albanian National Awakening, 1878 – 1912 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967). See also Misha...

... for the entire African Islamic movement (and beyond). Will these events represent the end of the so-called Islamic experiment, which certain Western observers have deemed an unmitigated disaster? The time is ripe for taking stock and assessing...

...-liberal movements pursuing nationalism as a prime political value. The collapse of the nineteenth-century empires required the application of force by fairly classic nationalities operating from initial weakness. In more recent days, even more or less solidified nation-states have become subject...

... media sites, “leaderless” protests were originally the beginning of the awakening. The rise of leaderless movements was a clouded mirror that had also taken place with Christian militants in Western countries, although the Christian Identity movement in the West resulted in killing under...

.... By far the most important have been the growing fun- damentalism of some Maghrebi communities in Europe, the failures of the jihadist movement (most notably in Algeria), and the financial largesse pro- vided to jihadist terror organizations by Islamist civil society and criminal 1. Walter...

...—that of a distinct Shiite political identity, expressing itself as a self-conscious, orga- nized segment of society and as a genuine mass movement. Although a surface quiet has subsequently been achieved, it is not clear how long this will last. This essay explains why...

... that the Palestinian movement has pursued against Israel, I assume in this essay that the violence is morally neutral and that the Palestinian objec- tives are both reasonable and appropriate. There are at least two major obstacles to objectively evaluating Palestin- ian strategy qua strategy. One...

... evolution of terrorism has earlier roots. This is true of the place of al Qaeda in the larger jihadist movement. Al Qaeda never was the prime mover and widely accepted leader of that movement, or even the explicitly terrorist part of it, that the West generally perceives it to be. Bin Ladin’s brand...