...Raju G. C. Thomas Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2002 Raju G. C. Thomas is the Allis Chalmers Distinguished Professor of International Affairs at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. MQ 13.3-08 Thomas 7/25/02 2:51 PM Page 109 Afghanistan, Kashmir...

...: From Kosovo to Kashmir Prem Shankar Jha Ever since the Nuremberg trials, the basic pillars of the Westphalian state—sovereignty within domestic jurisdictions and noninterference in the internal affairs of other states...

.... Third, I note the role of wars (Afghanistan, Bosnia, Chechnya, Iraq, and Kashmir) in raising Muslim consciousness and Islamic extremism. Finally, I provide an overview of the security threats created by the Salafists’ incorporation into al Qaeda for the Mediterranean region...

... of Muslims were still residing in partitioned India. A little more than two months after the creation of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, the first war between those two nations started in Kashmir on 22 October. The eruption of a war with its powerful neighbor soon after its inception, and the fact...

... months after the creation of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, the first war between those two nations started in Kashmir on 22 October. The eruption of a war with its powerful neighbor soon after its inception, and the fact that Pakistani forces could not wrest the entire Kashmir area from the grip...

... for nuclear confrontation over Kashmir; North Korea under new leader Kim Jong Il continued to act like the old; the Middle East process that offered hope retrogressed into a stalemate of violence and counterviolence; Saddam Hussein continued to develop weapons of mass destruction; the Khatami reformists...

... immediate effect in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as Kashmir, where extremist groups view themselves as liberators against the presence of what is viewed as foreign occupation. History is replete with examples wherein 5. See the provocative Dilip Hiro article...

.... By what authority, for example, can it now dissuade India from invading the Pakistani-held part of Kashmir “to prevent Muslim terrorists from attacking Indian targets” or from attempting to take over the entire region under the pretext of responding to “imminent danger?” Attacking Iraq preemptively...

... and 2003. Reversing Sageman’s formulation, he regards jihadi or Salafist-type terrorism as a special case and looks only at attacks con- Mediterranean Quarterly: Winter 2007 nected to national liberation movements, which means Lebanese, Palestin- ian, Tamil, Chechen, and Kashmir Muslim attackers...

... influential countries clearly do not agree. Such major powers as Russia, India, Indonesia, and China worry that their own restless ethnic or political minorities could seek to emulate Kosovo.8 Russia frets especially about Chechnya, India about Kashmir, and China about Xinjiang, Tibet, and Taiwan...

... tested a missile designed to combat Pakistan. Pakistan decided not to conduct its own missile tests. Crisis was avoided by the demonstration of good judgment on both sides. In May 2002, the two countries faced another crisis situation involving Kashmir. This time, Pakistan carried out three...

.... Crisis was avoided by the demonstration of good judgment on both sides. In May 2002, the two countries faced another crisis situation involving Kashmir. This time, Pakistan carried out three missile flight tests. Lest we forget, a brief mention also should be made of India’s Cold Start doctrine...

... additions to the continuing possible explosiveness of the Indo-Pakistani sit- uation over Kashmir. Avoidance of or failure to confront these issues is not an acceptable option for the one superpower in the world, and they are all the more difficult because the effectiveness of American policy...

... subsequently brought Muslims from various parts of the world to participate in jihads in Bosnia, Kosovo, Kashmir, central Asia, and Chechnya.” 136 Mediterranean Quarterly: Spring 2003 An offshoot is al Qaeda, which has directed terrorism against world powers whom it blames for the suffering...

... to participate in jihads in Bosnia, Kosovo, Kashmir, central Asia, and Chechnya.” 136 Mediterranean Quarterly: Spring 2003 An offshoot is al Qaeda, which has directed terrorism against world powers whom it blames for the suffering of the people and the terrible conditions in the Muslim world. Any...

... subsequently brought Muslims from various parts of the world to participate in jihads in Bosnia, Kosovo, Kashmir, central Asia, and Chechnya.” 136 Mediterranean Quarterly: Spring 2003 An offshoot is al Qaeda, which has directed terrorism against world powers whom it blames for the suffering...

...-Taliban brand of Islam known as Deobandism. Despite Pakistani promises since the 11 September attacks to end support for Islamic extremists, IMU members continue to operate in Pakistan and in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir.21 Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, 20. Gareth M. Winrow, “Turkey and Central Asia...

... committed to the recruitment of fighters for international jihadist wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Chechnya. Spanish authorities have impris- oned more Islamic terror suspects than ETA members, greatly reversing the record of its conservative predecessors.35 Despite these efforts...

... state — a term envisaged by the prominent US sociologist of the early 1940s, Harold Lasswell — from the wider Balkan zone down to the eastern Mediter- ranean, Middle East, and Central and Southern Asia. Kashmir, Tibet, Tai- wan, and so many other cases, latent or manifest, should be seen...

... government itself continues to play a double game on the terrorism issue. True, the regime has arrested a number of high-profile al Qaeda operatives in recent months. At the same time, however, Islamabad continues to support terrorist organizations in Kashmir that are closely allied with al Qaeda...