... the historical roots of the current confessional-political conflict. Second, it provides an overview of the Muslim Brotherhood – led 1979 – 82 rebellion and its defeat in Hama. Third, it discusses the role that the Muslim Brotherhood revolt plays in the current conflict. Fourth, it analyzes jihadist infighting...

...Gawdat Bahgat On 27 December 2008, Israeli forces attacked Gaza to stop missile attacks by Hamas. The military operation lasted twenty-two days and ended with a fragile cease-fire. This study seeks to provide an assessment of all involved parties' stances. The author argues that some parties gained...

...J. S. Krasna Reports of the demise of the Arab state have been exaggerated, despite claims that the postcolonial, state-based paradigm is collapsing under the pressure of “people power,” the resurgence of premodern loyalties, and the rise of nonstate actors. Even Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Islamic...

... Another major obstacle to peace between the Israelis and the Palestinians is “the emergence of Hamas as the de facto government of the Gaza Strip, where 1.5 million Palestinians reside.”20 By winning a seminal election in 2006 and beating the more moderate Fatah party, Hamas became the favor- ite...

... system. Another reason for caution is that conditions in the region are not condu- cive to restarting the peace process. The Palestinians are divided between secular Fatah and Islamist Hamas, and Arab governments are resisting pressure from Washington to make goodwill gestures toward Israel...

... of the Pal- estine Liberation Organization he must also contend with his organizational competitor Hamas, which is in control of Gaza and its 1.7 million Palestin- Ben-Meir: The Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations  49 ians, a fact that limits Abbas’s negotiating flexibility if he...

... provides a fascinating look at how Ukraine has developed its relationship with Middle Eastern countries, in particular Tur- key and Israel, since Ukraine’s independence from the Soviet Union. Anthony N. Celso’s “Hama’s Ominous Shadow and the Stalled Jihadist War in Syria” provides a broader...

... of concern. A future conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza could very well serve as the first real stress test of the Turkish- Israeli rapprochement. It would not only directly affect Turkish projects in Gaza; it would also test Turkey’s efforts to maintain relations with both Israel and Hamas...

... version of “shock and awe” when the Pales- tinians elected Hamas into office in January 2006. This was not what Presi- dent Bush had envisioned when he glowingly spoke about democracy for Pal- estine and the rest of the Arab world. Hamas is considered a terrorist entity by the US government...

... domestic rule had occurred in previous years.5 In 1982, a revolt in the Syrian city of Hama pitted Sunni protesters against the government of Hafez Assad. The Syrian military responded with a brutal crackdown and scorched-­earth policy that resulted in tens of thousands of civilian casualties...

.... Mediterranean Quarterly 18:2  DOI 10.1215/10474552-2007-002 Copyright 2007 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. D’Alema: Italy and the Greater Middle East 13 after the electoral victory of Hamas. Moreover, the emergence of transnation- ally organized Islamic jihadism...

... in the short term. For example, following the victory of Hamas in the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections, the EU, along with the United States, opted to cut off aid to the Palestinian Authority. In the short term, however, both Saudi Arabia and Iran stepped in to replace some of the suspended aid...

... the globe. Islamist movements include the Muslim Brotherhood of the 1920s, its rad- ical and violent splinter group Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the transnational al Qaeda, and the Lebanese and Palestinian liberation movements of Hezbollah and Hamas. Such an amalgamation suggests a complexity that defies...

... the most public and dynamic presence of al Qaeda. Having rejected violent revolt, the Brotherhood has become part of Egyp- tian civil society. The organization’s network of schools, charities, community centers, and housing services has been copied by Hamas and Hezbollah. These movements, moreover...

..., as well as dozens of Palestinian suicide bombings and terrorist actions against Israeli civilians engineered by Hamas and Islamic Jihad. 5. Yuval Steinitz, “When the Palestinian Army Invades,” in The Mideast Peace Process, ed. Neal Kozodoy (San Francisco: Encounter, 2002), 69–74. 6. Mouin...

... of the world is rooted in the pursuit of political agendas through violence by Bud- dhist, Christian, Hindu, and Jewish groups. In the Middle East, however, the propensity of various militant groups such as Hamas, Hezbollah, Islamic Jihad, and al Qaeda to implore and justify the premeditated killing...

... dialogue with them because they are terrorists. Many European and Asian governments do not regard groups like Hamas or Hezbollah, which are focused on the Israeli occupation of Palestine and south Lebanon, as terrorists in any legal sense. International law generally respects an occupied people’s...

.... Recent events have not brought Turkey and Israel closer together in combating this hostility and in fact have even led some to question the very foundation upon which the alignment was based. Tur- key’s Islamist-leaning government’s attempts to balance its sympathies for the Hamas-led Palestinian...

... Kurdish forces defend against ISIL attacks at Kobane earlier this year and has now openly attacked them. Israel has attacked Lebanese Hezbollah and Syrian forces fighting ISIL. In Gaza, Israel attacks Hamas, which is desperately trying to avoid a new war with Israel. Hamas has gone after jihadist...

..., and a translated, slightly abridged ver- sion was published in 1988. 86  Mediterranean Quarterly: June 2017 to Iran, Syria, and nonstate entities that have an antagonistic view of Israel. Religious differences between the Shiite Hezbollah and the Sunni Hamas have largely been overcome by a “mutual...