... and the IS in select MENA countries — mainly Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and Libya. Terrorism and Terrorist Attacks Targeting the Energy Sector According to Ali Koknar, the concept of terrorism targeting the energy sector is not strictly limited to armed attacks on power plants, oil and gas infra- structure...

... threat perception between the two countries. For example, the states have cooperated on numerous occasions against terror- ism after attacks such as the kidnapping of Israeli consul general Efraim Elrom in 1971 and the bombings of the Neve Shalom synagogue in 1986 and 2003. In addition...

... in the eastern Mediterranean directly affect the regional security system, since they involve both medium and small states of the region; the great powers of the international system, which have hegemonic interests in the region; as well as nonstate actors, such as terror- ist and nationalist movements.1...

... control of President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who has perpetuated his rule through electoral manipulation and political repression.2 With limited oil and natural gas reserves, Kyrgysztan’s economic situation is weak, and the nation has been heavily dependent on Russia. At one time Kyrgyzstan...

... to limit the extent of this relationship between these two giants of the non-Western world. Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2009 Gregory Hall is professor of political science at Morehouse College, Atlanta, Ga. Tiara Grant is professor of government at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, N. Mex...

...Vincent M. Cannistraro Richard A. Clarke: Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terrorism . New York: Free Press, 2004. 304 pages. ISBN 0-7432-6024-4$27.00. Mediterranean Affairs,Inc. 2004 Vincent M. Cannistraro is former chief of counterintelligence operations and analysis...

... component in the strategy of world domina- tion is access to secure sources of energy in the form of oil and natural gas. To ensure this, asserts Fouskas, “the US has tried to control the production and transportation of oil and gas from Central Asia to the Balkans, and from there, to Western markets...

... and natural gas. To ensure this, asserts Fouskas, “the US has tried to control the production and transportation of oil and gas from Central Asia to the Balkans, and from there, to Western markets.” This strategy not only ensures command of energy-rich Central Asia but enhances Washing- ton’s ability...

... international markets6 2. International and domestic terrorism that targets energy infrastructure throughout the energy chain7 3.  Internal political instability in both producing and transit countries8 4. Geopolitical competition for the control of energy-­producing regions between...

... largely in Morocco and Tunisia, not in Europe. A third and more serious concern involved energy security. Spain, Portu- gal, France, and Italy have become increasingly reliant on natural gas imports from Algeria. Natural gas is a favored fuel, and new pipelines...

.... Department of State), 20 November 2002. 6. Julian Borger, “Oil and Terrorism Drive the Presidential Tour,” Guardian, 7 July 2003. See also Cambridge Energy Research Information Associates (CERIA), “Potential or Reality: West African Oil and Gas to 2020?” (Cambridge: CERIA, 2002). 7. Paul Maidment...

... technol- ogy that he had endorsed thirty years earlier. As he put it, the Iranians are “already sitting on an awful lot of oil and gas. Nobody can fi gure [out] why 3. Dafna Linzer, “Past Arguments Don’t Square with Current Iran’s Policy,” Washington Post, 27 March 2005. 4. Henry...

... petroleum reserves — second in the world — from dollars to euros. This was the first time an OPEC country dared to think of violating the dollar price rule established in the first half of the 1970s. Other oil- and gas-producing countries, such as Iran and Vene­ zuela — although Libya no more — have...

..., long closely tied to Washington, has criticized US policies for creating an autonomous Kurdish region in northern Iraq that has facilitated Kurdish- ­linked separatism and terrorism in Turkey. While the AKP government has sought to improve the status of Turkey’s Kurdish minority, the Turkish mili...

... in the eastern Mediterranean. A. Murat Agdemir is an officer in Turkey's Ministry of National Defense, where he focuses on international security and terrorism. Copyright 2015 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2015 Israel Greece foreign policy defense energy A New Partnership in the Eastern...

... natural gas reserves, the cooperative development of which could help build bridges among the stakeholders. While Turkey is entering a long electoral period in which Cyprus is a sensitive issue, it should consider more creative steps toward fostering a settlement. More broadly, each side needs to convince...

... frustrations in both subzones, which risk trig- gering international terrorism and massive population movements throughout Southern Europe. The key difference between Turkey and its European neighbors is that while none of the others have direct territorial contact with the areas that breed...

... to the early 2013 collapse of the Cypriot economy, the growing concern that Turkey’s recent foreign policy direction is pulling it away from the European Union, and the discoveries of vast natural gas reserves in the seabed adjacent to Israel and Cyprus. Given the broader instability throughout...

.... Sait Çetinoğlu is a historian at the Free University in Ankara, Turkey. Copyright 2012 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2012 Çetinog˘lu: The Mechanisms for Terrorizing Minorities  15...

.... The development of terrorism, armaments proliferation, and organized criminality has transformed the poli- cies of containment to a confi guration of technologies and instruments. The ways to conduct war have gradually been deterritorialized with the develop- ment of missiles and means of delivery that can...