... and the IS in select MENA countries — mainly Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and Libya. Terrorism and Terrorist Attacks Targeting the Energy Sector According to Ali Koknar, the concept of terrorism targeting the energy sector is not strictly limited to armed attacks on power plants, oil and gas infra- structure...

... to help resolve an ongoing energy crisis in the enclave.34 In February 2017, a delegation of Turkish energy offi- cials visited the territory to discuss “solutions and necessary mechanisms for fulfilling Gaza’s energy needs” with Palestinian leaders.35 Natural Gas in the Eastern Mediterranean...

... control of President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who has perpetuated his rule through electoral manipulation and political repression.2 With limited oil and natural gas reserves, Kyrgysztan’s economic situation is weak, and the nation has been heavily dependent on Russia. At one time Kyrgyzstan...

... these energy deposits has led to intense interstate competition, which could further destabilize the region. The alliances between states are constantly changing relative to the mode of transit for the hydrocarbons. The existence of natural gas and oil in the Cypriot and Israeli EEZ has changed...

...- sia is the world’s second-largest oil producer and exporter after Saudi Arabia (China ranks sixth in proven reserves) and a top natural gas producer. Since the beginning of the present century, Russia’s economy has rebounded, in large part, due to increases in international oil prices. Russia’s...

... is access to secure sources of energy in the form of oil and natural gas. To ensure this, asserts Fouskas, “the US has tried to control the production and transportation of oil and gas from Central Asia to the Balkans, and from there, to Western markets.” This strategy not only ensures command...

... component in the strategy of world domina- tion is access to secure sources of energy in the form of oil and natural gas. To ensure this, asserts Fouskas, “the US has tried to control the production and transportation of oil and gas from Central Asia to the Balkans, and from there, to Western markets...

... and natural gas. To ensure this, asserts Fouskas, “the US has tried to control the production and transportation of oil and gas from Central Asia to the Balkans, and from there, to Western markets.” This strategy not only ensures command of energy-rich Central Asia but enhances Washing- ton’s ability...

... technol- ogy that he had endorsed thirty years earlier. As he put it, the Iranians are “already sitting on an awful lot of oil and gas. Nobody can fi gure [out] why 3. Dafna Linzer, “Past Arguments Don’t Square with Current Iran’s Policy,” Washington Post, 27 March 2005. 4. Henry...

... percent of its energy consump- tion.15 The EU’s dependence on external oil and gas is estimated at 83.5 percent and 64.2 percent, respectively.16 Furthermore, given the constantly increasing demand for energy among the EU member states, it is estimated that by 2030 the external energy dependence...

.... Department of State), 20 November 2002. 6. Julian Borger, “Oil and Terrorism Drive the Presidential Tour,” Guardian, 7 July 2003. See also Cambridge Energy Research Information Associates (CERIA), “Potential or Reality: West African Oil and Gas to 2020?” (Cambridge: CERIA, 2002). 7. Paul Maidment...

... largely in Morocco and Tunisia, not in Europe. A third and more serious concern involved energy security. Spain, Portu- gal, France, and Italy have become increasingly reliant on natural gas imports from Algeria. Natural gas is a favored fuel, and new pipelines...

... of the important areas of cooperation has been the possibility of creating a triangular relationship for the development and distribution of natural gas among Israel, Greece, and Cyprus,3 with Greece as the hub of Israeli and Cypriot gas exports to the rest of Europe.4 Another project that has...

... petroleum reserves — second in the world — from dollars to euros. This was the first time an OPEC country dared to think of violating the dollar price rule established in the first half of the 1970s. Other oil- and gas-producing countries, such as Iran and Vene­ zuela — although Libya no more — have...

... foreign policy as “winning and making friends.”7 Energy Ties Recent energy relations between Russia and Turkey have been character- ized by overt friendship and subtle competition. Russia currently supplies almost two-­thirds of Turkey’s natural gas consumption (which...

... natural gas reserves, the cooperative development of which could help build bridges among the stakeholders. While Turkey is entering a long electoral period in which Cyprus is a sensitive issue, it should consider more creative steps toward fostering a settlement. More broadly, each side needs to convince...

... to the early 2013 collapse of the Cypriot economy, the growing concern that Turkey’s recent foreign policy direction is pulling it away from the European Union, and the discoveries of vast natural gas reserves in the seabed adjacent to Israel and Cyprus. Given the broader instability throughout...

... strategic area, namely, that of energy security. Tur- key will continue to become an even more important conduit for gas and oil from the Middle East and Central Asia to Europe as competition for energy resources continues to increase with the growing appetite of China and India in the decades...

... this time Greece was occupied by the Nazis, and Jews were being annihilated in gas chambers in Germany. Armenian memories were still alive to their genocide at the hands of the Ottoman general staff, a mass murder very much under German influence during the First World War. In this context one could...

... Stream pipeline project. The emerging markets of Central and Eastern Europe need energy sup- plies, and Western Europe is increasing its demands. Europe will encounter diffi culties relying only on the Middle East and Mediterranean sources of oil and gas. Thus, transport corridors are already...