... Muhammad Yaseen Gada is pursuing a doctorate at Aligarh Muslim University, India. The author would like to acknowledge funding/fellowship from the University Grants Commission, New Delhi. Muslim Responses to the Crusades: A Brief Survey of Selected Literature Muhammad Yaseen Gada Rich...

... is multifaceted and more sophisticated than has previously been understood. MENA IS oil terrorism gas terrorism funding jihad Copyright 2017 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2017 Lukáš Tichý is a research fellow at the Institute of International Relations, Prague, and a lecturer at Metropolitan...

... as varied as Libya and Russia to join an antiterror coalition and assist in waging international war against the proponents and foot soldiers of terrorism. Syria has permitted the Palestinian Islamic Jihad to use Syrian territory for safe haven—and operational planning for terror operations in Israel...

...Robert S. Leiken Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2004 Robert S. Leiken is director of the Immigration and National Security Program at the Nixon Center and author of Bearers of Global Jihad?Immigration and National Security after 11 September . Europe’s Immigration Problem, and Ours...

... is the global or transnational aspect of the Islamic movements practicing radical jihadism. This movement derives from a perceived failure of Arab and even Islamic secularism and a perceived threat to the umma (community of Muslims) now perceived in globalization and the behavior of the United...

... organization, the 14. It should be noted that foreign powers such as Qatar and Turkey indirectly supported the jihad- ists. See David Blair and Richard Spencer, “How Qatar Is Funding the Rise of Islamist Extremists,” Telegraph, 20 September 2014, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/qatar...

... a major con- cern. The US invasion of Afghanistan in late 2001 and Pakistani cooperation in the Afghan war succeeded in fragmenting al Qaeda “Central,” degrading its ability to launch mass casualty attacks against the Western “far enemy.” Unable to direct jihad against the West, al Qaeda had...

... of Central Asia traveled north into Russia. Religious-sectarian conflict has centered mainly on the Ferghana Valley and the nations that share the valley’s territory: Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. After independence, the region was inundated with Muslim cler- ics, funds, and literature from...

...). In 1995, a group called Jihad al Islam, led by Sheikh Abbas bin Omar, emerged in Mogadishu and gave the two main warlords, General Mohamed Farah Aideed and Ali Mahdi, an ulti- matum to end their factional fighting. The group claimed at that time...

... /3509933.stm; Svante E. Cornell, “The ‘Afghanization’ of the North Caucasus: Causes and Impli- cations in a Changing Conflict,” in Stephen J. Blank, ed., Russia’s Homegrown Insurgency: Jihad in the North Caucasus (Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 2012), 126...

... into the monumental sym- bols of American power and who saw themselves not as terrorists but as war- riors in the international Islamic “jihad against Jews and Crusaders” called into being by Osama bin Laden in 1998. David Binder is a retired Washington, D.C.–based...

... the globe. Islamist movements include the Muslim Brotherhood of the 1920s, its rad- ical and violent splinter group Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the transnational al Qaeda, and the Lebanese and Palestinian liberation movements of Hezbollah and Hamas. Such an amalgamation suggests a complexity that defies...

... of the police force, trained by the UN, left the force due to lack of payment. Some donor governments have withheld funds pledged to the TFG due to a lack of transparency and human rights abuses. In-fighting within the TFG, especially between Prime Minister Nur Adde and President Yusuf, also has...

... funded by the Danish Ministry of Justice, 14 January 2005, at www.jm.dk/image .asp?page=image&objno=73027. 6. “Tales from Eurabia,” Economist, 22 June 2006, at www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory .cfm?story_id=7086222. 92 Mediterranean Quarterly: Winter 2007 mentalist youth groups...

... and a robust multinational force — the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFR) — at its borders. In the framework of cooperation with the United States and the United Nations, the European Union’s role shifted from that of the key payer and major funding source of the past to key player...

... on the subject of interpreting the bin Laden tape the neocons got it wrong. MEMRI, a translation service funded by Israeli interests, analyzed the bin Laden diatribe as threatening those individual states that would vote for President Bush. The archaic usage in the text, however, does not refer...

... on the subject of interpreting the bin Laden tape the neocons got it wrong. MEMRI, a translation service funded by Israeli interests, analyzed the bin Laden diatribe as threatening those individual states that would vote for President Bush. The archaic usage in the text, however, does not refer...

... on the subject of interpreting the bin Laden tape the neocons got it wrong. MEMRI, a translation service funded by Israeli interests, analyzed the bin Laden diatribe as threatening those individual states that would vote for President Bush. The archaic usage in the text, however, does not refer...

... First, and Einav Yogev, “Jihad in Syria: The Penetration of Radical Islam in the Syrian Conflict,” Institute for National Security Studies INSS Insight, no. 355, 17 July 2012, www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=6893; Charlie Skelton, “The Syrian Opposition: Who’s Doing the Talking...

... of discontent by focusing on external actors that shored up Ben Ali’s regime. The International Monetary Fund’s structural adjustment program, including privatization and cutting subsidies on basic commodi- ties, succeeded in turning the economy around. But it also fostered widespread corrup- tion...