...Anthony N. Celso Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2006 Anthony N. Celso is assistant professor of government at Valley Forge College in Pennsylvania. Spain’s Dual Security Dilemma: Strategic Challenges of Basque and Islamist Terror during the Aznar and Zapatero...

...C. Edward Dillery Alfonso Perez-Agote: The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism . Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2006. Translated by Cameron Watson and Williams A. Douglas. 246 pages. ISBN 0-87417-605-0. $39.95. Reviewed by C. Edward Dillery. Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2006 C...

... and sustaining coordination while adjusting for economic change. In particular, it seeks to explore ways in which subnational factors promote the ability of socioeconomic actors to develop public-private institutions. By focusing on a particular autonomous region of Spain, the Basque Country, this article...

...Anthony N. Celso Elected on a platform of withdrawal from Iraq after the 3/11 train bombings, Spanish socialists sought early on to embark on an antiterrorist policy of negotiation and dialogue with disgruntled Arab and Basque communities. The socialists' early efforts at achieving a historic...

... that the United States has officially con- demned as terrorist, including Shining Path in Peru and the Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) in Spain and France, were included in the president’s announcement.1 The ETA had again been designated a foreign terrorist organization by the secretary of state on 5...

... Alfonso Perez-Agote: The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism. Reno: Uni- versity of Nevada Press, 2006. Translated by Cameron Watson and Williams A. Douglas. 246 pages. ISBN 0-87417-605-0. $39.95. Reviewed by C. Edward Dillery. Alfonso Perez-Agote is a widely published professor...

... Alfonso Perez-Agote: The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism. Reno: Uni- versity of Nevada Press, 2006. Translated by Cameron Watson and Williams A. Douglas. 246 pages. ISBN 0-87417-605-0. $39.95. Reviewed by C. Edward Dillery. Alfonso Perez-Agote is a widely published professor...

... in the Basque country.6 The conflict generated by demands for independence by Basque separatists has turned Spain into the principal setting for domestic terrorism in all of West- ern Europe. Since it began its violent campaign on behalf of the creation of an independent Basque nation, Euskadia Askatasuna...

... of local caudillos that are so strong a part of the Spanish tradition. One of the great themes of Spanish his- tory, still ongoing and filled with tension (witness the disputes over Basque and Catalan nationalism), is the effort to integrate these diverse...

... past, even though the current area of Greece is a nineteenth-­century invention. One side made use of an image framing that glorified the past and ancient heritage, while another glorified modernity in the abstract. Jacqueline Urla’s work on Basque revivalism highlights the interplay...

... on consensus and moderation has not eviscerated extremism from Spanish politics, as suggested most compellingly by the continuing violence in the Basque country. Eskadi ta Askatasuma (Basque Homeland and Liberty, bet- 21. Peter McDonough, Samuel Barnes, and Antonio López Pina, The Cultural Dynamics...

... the Basque terrorist organization Evskadi ta Askatsuna (better known by its acronym, ETA).17 Given the repeated references made by al Zawahiri for the need to liberate Andalucía, Ceuta, and Melilla from Spanish control, Spain increasingly finds 14. Vidino. 15. Ibid. 16. Anthony Celso...

... and surveillance of Islamist militants in Spain.10 There was, in effect, a sharp disconnect between the nature of the threat and the secu- rity effort deployed to foil Islamist terror attacks. Most of Spain’s intelligence assets had been directed at fi ghting the Basque terror organization ETA...

... violence, which was perpetrated by various groups, most notably the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, a terrorist group of Basque nation- alists responsible for the majority of the five hundred politically motivated killings in Spain between 1968 and 1980. The period’s violence led to feelings of fear and uncer...

... the United States. Indeed, that al Qaeda is no longer central to the war on terror- ism is evidenced by the fact that the Basque separatist movement ETA has been added to the list of organizations that the Bush administration is taking financial...

..., with the German Bader-Meinhof, the Italian Red Brigades, the Basque movement calling for independence, and for years after that, the Irish Republican Army being active in Britain and Ireland. None of these groups were Middle Eastern, Arab, or Moslem. They came from developed, rich states considered...

... the wider ramifica- tions. Spain fretted about the encouragement such a decision might give to its own secessionist movements, especially the Basques and the Catalans. Greece and Cyprus were deeply concerned that ratifying the forcible severing of Kosovo from Serbia could legitimize Turkey’s earlier...

... as al Qaeda does or defined by some combination of ethnicity, as by the Koso­ vars and Basques. These movements are challenging existing governments: “Political power is the central issue in an insurgency, and each side has this as its aim. The insurgent attempts to overthrow or subvert...

... to be the region that has devel- oped the most encompassing strategy, but others such as the Basque region and Andalucía have also embarked on important initiatives to increase contacts with Chinese counterparts. Second, this has been a nonlinear pro- cess that has experienced some setbacks along the way...

... Irish and assorted colonial independence movements; France against Algerians, Vietnamese, and others; and Spain against Cubans, Filipinos, and Basques. As a quarter of a million people were being murdered and thousands more mutilated or raped in Sierra Leone, the Western powers focused instead...