... research project that he started with Paul C. Manuel analyzing the impact of European Community membership on Portugal and Spain. The author would like to thank Paul C. Manuel. From Authoritarianism to the European Union: The Europeanization of Portugal...

... is a political columnist for the Boston Herald and Boston Globe and author of Rumpalla: Rummaging through Albania . Albania: Authoritarianism without Oil Fatos Tarifa and Peter Lucas President George W. Bush may have been right when he proclaimed that democracy...

... movements emerging from the revolution. Luisa Gandolfo is a lecturer in sociology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. Copyright 2015 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2015 Tunisia revolution religion political Islam politics From Authoritarian to Free State: Balancing Faith...

... emerge in NATO's ranks today. Yet worrisome manifestations of authoritarianism and intolerance have surfaced in several members. Two NATO countries, Hungary and Turkey, have engaged in repeated autocratic behavior reminiscent of Vladimir Putin's regime in Russia. Such developments provide yet another...

...Zafer Yilmaz The Gezi uprising can be considered a crucial turning in Turkish politics. As a response to countrywide democratic protests, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government revived the security state, escalated authoritarian tendencies, and started to organize a nationalist...

... of authoritarianism, under both the Pahlavi family and the ayatollahs, Iran has little experience with modern democratic institutions. It is the argument of the authors that without a fully formed civil society, the lack of progress toward democracy will be prolonged, unless the religious elite come to consider...

... accompanied by corruption, structural economic problems, social exclusion, and negligence of good governance and the rule of law. This essay suggests that the juxtaposition of economic reform and liberalization with corruption, authoritarianism, and absence of good governance were a recipe for the social...

... supported the regime of Bashar al-Assad and the latter backed the military coup in Egypt. Turkey needed the support of its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies against these two rival blocs. However, Erdogan's populist discourse and tendency toward Islamist authoritarianism further deteriorated...

...Marién Durán Turkey has suffered through a process of autocratization in the second decade of the twenty-first century. The political turn from a defective democracy toward a competitive authoritarian state is part of the concentration and personalization of political power in the person of Recep...

...Ihsan Yilmaz Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (AKP) governments have managed to remove Kemalism only to replace it with an Islamist nation-building and social-engineering project that is as, if not more, authoritarian, conservative, and regressive than the Kemalist one. The Turkish education...

... future differ according to the group, and the task is further complicated by authoritarian regimes and inefficient state planning. J. E. Peterson is a historian and political analyst focusing on the contemporary Arabian Peninsula and Arab Gulf. He has taught in various American universities and served...

..., 1991), 128. 5. Guillermo O’Donnell and Philip C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 11. 6. The reaction of civil society and international factors also need to be acknowledged for the out- come...

... by the so-­called Arab Spring (started in Tunisia at the end of 2010), which entailed overturn- ing several authoritarian regimes that for a long time had been EU part- ners, the rise of Islamic terrorism (since the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States, or 9/11), and the emergence...

... (London: Penguin, 1987). MQ 11.3-02.Wiarda 7/20/00 4:12 PM Page 32 32 Mediterranean Quarterly: Summer 2000 participation during the First Republic, 1931– 36.3 Franco’s regime was, of course, based on authoritarianism and a turning back...

... of the world. On 17 December 2010, Mohamed Bouazizi, an unknown street vendor 7. Raymond Hinnebusch, “Authoritarian Persistence, Democratization Theory, and the Middle East: An Overview and Critique,” Democratization 13, no. 3 (2006): 373 – 95. 8. Steve Hess, “From the Arab Spring to the Chinese...

... greater independence from Moscow, especially after the passing of the present authoritarian, largely neocommunist leader- ship in these states. New leadership will be in the hands of more represen- tative and democratic nationalists who look far more favorably upon...

... domestic dissidence does not enhance, as assumed by many authoritarian governments, the regime or state security. Instead, it may harm domestic peace and security by undermining the very legitimacy of the political sys- tem. Thus, maintenance of national security...

..., as is the case with all authoritarian regimes, the prin- ciple priority of the Chinese Communist Party leaders is to retain the power, prerogatives and privileges they enjoy. They seek to stay in power, to keep their control. But the very economic progress that has created a rising China also has created...

... in Africa: Problems and Solutions Mohamed El-Khawas Prodemocracy reforms hit Africa like a tidal wave in the 1990s, sweeping away authoritarian regimes and the one-party system that had dominated the African scene since...

... it is discovered that the desire for both economic and physical secu- rity that prompted the sacrifice of liberty inevitably led to the loss of pros- perity and no real safety, it’s too late. Reversing the trend from authoritarian rule toward a freer society becomes very difficult, takes a long time, and entails...