... of the Crusades and Crusaders, as seen and recorded by the Muslim scholars of that period. This essay explores and surveys the existing literature on the Muslim responses to the Crusades. Muslim scholars Middle Ages Christianity and Islam imperialism Copyright 2017 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2017...

... must come from Muslim scholars or reformers who are not part of that religious establishment. There is no room for America’s role in such debate. Indeed, any American endorsement of a Muslim scholar or his ideas in such a debate would taint his credibility beyond repair. No one would be likely...

... the violent, bloody texts in the Bible in their historical contexts. We explain the history of violence, slaughter, and imperialism in the name of Judaism or Christianity in terms of time and context, or we condemn such acts as aberrations and extremes.” He reminds Americans that many Muslim scholars...

... explain the history of violence, slaughter, and imperialism in the name of Judaism or Christianity in terms of time and context, or we condemn such acts as aberrations and extremes.” He reminds Americans that many Muslim scholars and religious leaders “have made strong, authoritative declarations...

... the violent, bloody texts in the Bible in their historical contexts. We explain the history of violence, slaughter, and imperialism in the name of Judaism or Christianity in terms of time and context, or we condemn such acts as aberrations and extremes.” He reminds Americans that many Muslim scholars...

... of the region is palpable. The dhimmi and other non- Muslim minorities view the status of sharia as a primacy source of legis- lation with apprehension. The problem is not merely legal. As one scholar observed, inbuilt discriminations exist and “what makes the problem worse is that they are accepted...

... in counterterrorism strategies that focus on secu- ritization and deradicalization without addressing what terrorist organizations are cur- rently exploiting: the psychological needs of Muslim men to satisfy their gender roles. Aslam’s work will be of great interest to policymakers and scholars alike...

... in counterterrorism strategies that focus on secu- ritization and deradicalization without addressing what terrorist organizations are cur- rently exploiting: the psychological needs of Muslim men to satisfy their gender roles. Aslam’s work will be of great interest to policymakers and scholars alike...

... in counterterrorism strategies that focus on secu- ritization and deradicalization without addressing what terrorist organizations are cur- rently exploiting: the psychological needs of Muslim men to satisfy their gender roles. Aslam’s work will be of great interest to policymakers and scholars alike...

... — and their Muslim popula- tions always on the increase. Thus, he thinks it quite likely that Muslims could become a majority in most of the area. All of this leads to a discussion of US policy and politics in the last few chapters of the book. The articles on this subject were written during the presidency...

..., in Algiers, stability has been maintained for almost 150 years, largely because while the state has strictly regulated Muslim participation at the site, it has never restricted access. In Cyprus, the state poses a threat to religious shar- ing by claiming that Muslims’ use of shared sites or former...

... Christianity. With regard to Europe, Evangeliou notes in several places that Islam may achieve its long-held goal to become predominant there merely through demographic factors. He sees the original countries of the EU as declining, old, and lacking in force — and their Muslim popula- tions always...

... of Muslim immigrants in the United States to be less than 3 million.)9 Thus, the predicaments that come with Muslim immigration are more pronounced in Europe than in the United States. In Europe the concepts of postnational citizenship and denizenship became popular among scholars a decade ago.10...

... directions—north, south, east, and west. Turkey’s important relations with the West should not cause a downgrading of its relations with Arab, Muslim, and developing countries. 4. Turkey should work to overcome the negative features of the Ottoman...

... on the approval of the ulema, or reli- gious scholar.9 Even though the caliph has the power to dismiss the ulema, doing so would cause the loss of his legitimacy. Over one hundred years ago, Muslim thinkers advocated the return to Islam as a way out of the dark period of colonialism. Following...

.... After 11 September 2001, author Katherine Zoepf became curious about the perpetra- tors of the attacks on the East Coast of the United States. She was interested in learning more about the culture and ideology of Muslim people. Rather than blindly believing all information the media was reporting...

... Spain. Harvey also examines in great detail and enthusiasm the liter- ary culture of Islamic communities, and he expands on both the spoken and written languages of Muslim communities in Spain. The appendices are most useful to special- ized scholars who want to know more about the Muslim traditions...

... the initial phase of the construction of Turkishness at the turn of the twentieth century, most scholars emphasize the important role of Muslim intellectuals from the Russian Empire, such as Akcura, Ahmet Agaev (Agaoglu), Ali Huseinzade, and Zeki Validov (Velidi Togan).7 It is remarkable, notes Kemal...

... and expulsion of Muslims from Spain. Harvey also examines in great detail and enthusiasm the liter- ary culture of Islamic communities, and he expands on both the spoken and written languages of Muslim communities in Spain. The appendices are most useful to special- ized scholars who want to know more...

... expands on both the spoken and written languages of Muslim communities in Spain. The appendices are most useful to special- ized scholars who want to know more about the Muslim traditions of spoken and written languages and the stories of their experiences. The import of this historical episode...