...Anand A. Yang Rural Organizations in South India: The Dynamics of Laborer and Tenant Unions and Farmer Associations in Kerala and Tamil Nadu . By K. C. Alexander . Ithaca, N.Y. : Rural Development Committee, Center for International Studies, Cornell University , 1979 . v, 101 pp. $3.50...

...Madeleine Zelin Abstract This article, based on newly opened archives, explores the rights of tenants in the neighborhood of Chongqing during the late-eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. Changes in tenancy arrangements are discussed within the context of Chongqing's role as the main...

...Francis L. K. Hsu Abstract The current belief is that China is a country where most land belongs to landlords who do not till their soil but suck the blood of their tenants. Dr. Sun, founder of the Chinese Republic, was under this impression when he specified in his program that “all tillers must...

... servant, and the tenant guest. Normally the land guest was bound to the land, the field servant hired as a temporary indentured servant, and the tenant guest obliged to provide little more than rent. Working conditions south of the Yangtze generally grew less subservient the closer the area was located...

..., the high degree of land fragmentation, the slow speed of land accumulation in land-owning families, the low turnover rate of land transactions, the substantial bargaining power of tenants, the high frequency of rental defaults by tenants, the remarkable stability of land value between 1500 and 1760...

... they could and did invoke in British courts to coerce their tenants. Yet while these changes helped to trigger some Mappilla outbreaks and influenced the course of others, these incidents were an extremely complicated phenomenon; and none of them was solely the result of economic pressures. Copyright ©...

... of agricultural involution in nineteenth century Java with my own work on Pampanga Province, Philippines, provides some first steps towards a theory of rural change. Specifically, a modern cash crop economy produces more sophisticated contractual relations between tenants and landowners regardless of changes...

... of modern Japanese history has been as neglected by Englishspeaking historians as the development of agriculture and landlord-tenant relations between the Meiji Restoration and the Pacific War. Two notable exceptions, of course, are portions of E. H. Norman's classic synthesis of pre-war Japanese Marxist...

... Cent Mu Per Cent Owners Part-Owners Tenants 244 61.0 135 33.8 21 5.2 Total 400 100.0 1 Owned 2,248 mu; Rented 1,162 mu. 1 Owned 16.7 mu; Rented 8.6 mu. 1 Total crop mu 15,044. Index of Double Cropping 121. 8,667 3,410l 300 12,377 70.0 27.6 2.4 100.0 Average Mu Crop Mu1 35.5 25.3' 14.3 42.8 31.5 16.7...

... a definitive edition of Kenko's masterpiece. Cambridge University D. L. KEENE Nihon kazoku seido to kosaku seido UW$ii h 'M1J!£ (The Japanese family system and the system of cultivation by tenants). By ARUGA KIZAEMON ^ r U S ^ i i P ^ Tokyo: Kawade shobo, 1943- 732 p. It is probably not an exaggeration...

...-owned lands in twentieth-century Philippines. Kerkvliet argued that the haciendas that remained under the control of the church after 1903 were centers of unrest in their respective provinces. Interwoven in the unrest was the question of land ownership and distribution. The tenants claimed...

.... Norman's version contains a confusing numerical error. (Tenant's rent in 1881 should be .681 instead of .661 koku of rice.) There is also an important error involving the unit of cultivation. Norman's example purports to refer to a field of one chō. The data properly refer to a field of one tan...

... in the zemindar power of destraint and sale over the property of defaulting tenants. 13 See for instance letter from the Deputy Collector of Champaran to the Lt. Gov. of Bengal 5 March 1855: “The curse of this District is the insecure nature of the ryot's land tenure. The cultivator, though nominally...

... in the United States. In rural communities a cacique , aside from being a landlord, wields the influence of a petty chief. 6 The word tao literally means man, but it has come to mean the man who toils with his hands. In this latter sense; it is used ordinarily to mean a farm tenant or a laborer...

.... Will the small tenants and owner-farmers have the incentives and resources to buy the promising but expensive package of the new seeds, more intensive cultivation, and cash outlays for chemical fertilisers and insecticides, or will they be displaced by large-scale commercial farmers? And if the harvest is bigger...

... to demand more and provide less to tenants and laborers. The client's position was further jeopardized by the disappearance of surplus land and other "slack" resources at a time when traditional village pressures for leveling were increasingly inadequate for local subsistence needs. 6. Rural stratification...

.... For the present we shall discuss only the two basic institutions: (1) caste, which prescribed specific social positions and functions to various groups; (2) the landlord-tenant system which is derived from the institution of kingship. An analysis of the changing forms of these institutions, their meaning...

.... 69 – 83 , 235–67. 8 Chin-yü Wei , “ Ming Ch'ing shih-tai tien- nung ti nung-nu ti-wei ” (On the position of tenant- like serfs in the Ming and Ch'ing periods), LSYC 5 ( 1963 ): 109 – 134 . 9 Elvin, p. 239. 10 Ma-ch'eng hsien-chih (Gazetteer of Ma-ch'eng...

... 1950 . “Sōdai no chōseigyū” [Revenue-producing cattle (changsheng niu ad) in the Song]. Tōyō gakuhō 32 , no. 3 : 66 – 84 . Kaisaburō Hino ac 1951 . “NanSō kanden no fusho ni tsuite” [Tenant rents on official lands in the southern Song, calculated on the amount of seed used]. Shigaku...

.... Furthermore, the smaller cash tenants and share tenants were only able to challenge their leadership and articulate grievances about land tenure conditions or the tenancy relationship when supported by available outside leadership and organization. Finally, government-initiated reforms were in general...