...Andrew Fraser Abstract In 1881, the Japanese government was headed by a single President, Sanjō, assisted by two vice-presidents, Iwakura and Arisugawa. These men alone had direct access to the Emperor on state affairs. Beyond giving advice of their own, their principal task was to mediate...

...Marlene J. Mayo Abstract The Iwakura embassy's encounter with Hamilton Fish at the State Department in 1872 is far more than a quaint but insignificant episode in the relations between Japan and the United States and deserves resurrection from the footnotes of history. The two sides, much...

... of Western and Japanese language diplomatic correspondence and numerous memoirs, letters, and diaries. The clash pitted die returning members of the Iwakura embassy and their allies at home against prominent officials in the caretaker government. The envoys, who had gained from their journey to die West...

... ) however says that Sanjō reserved the right to submit the cabinet's opinion to the Emperor pending the return of Iwakura. Essentially the same view is presented in Uyehara George Etsujiro , The political development of Japan ( London , 1910 ), p. 74 . Hamada Genji in his Prince lio...

... Suzuki Yasuzō, Kempō no rckjshitcki kenkyū [Historical Study of the Constitution] (Tokyo, 1933), p. 192. Miyakoshi, Kensci shiryō , pp. 330 ff. 14 Miyakoshi, Kensei shiryō , pp. 285 ff., 294 ff. Suzuki, Itō Hirobumi , pp. 120–121, 134. Iwakura also relied on Inoue Kowashi for advice...

... ability invested him with the informal leadership of the government. Formally, the government was headed by a single president, Sanjo Sanetomi, assisted by two vice-presidents, Shimazu Hisamitsu and Iwakura Tomomi. Sanjo and Iwakura were court nobles with long ties with the Satsuma and Choshu leaders...

... in the government's efforts to find a place for members of the class in the new society. Throughout the 1870*5 and early 1880's, concern was shown in government circles for the plight of the samurai. Few if any governmental leaders were willing to commit the class to a permanent state of economic depression. Iwakura...

... in the introduction that he wants to “depict the history of the creation of the Meiji Constitution in terms of Japan's assimilation of the Western civilization” (p. xvii). In actuality, the present volume is almost exclusively devoted to three Japanese “missions” to Europe: the famous Iwakura Mission (1871–74), Itō...

... (Koin) was a major architect of early Meiji political policies and structures. This second volume of a three-volume translation of his diary comments on four major developments: the abolition of domains and establishment of prefectures (haihan chiken), the Iwakura mission, the Korean crisis...

...), 1837-1879"; Marlene Mayo, "Rationality in the Meiji Restoration: The Iwakura Embassy"; Joyce Lebra, "The Kaishinto as a Political Elite"; and Alfred B. Clubok, "Political Party Membership and Sub-Leadership in Rural Japan: A Case Study of Okayama Prefecture." The Clubok article, useful as it is, seems...

...: The Iwakura Embassy"; Joyce Lebra, "The Kaishinto as a Political Elite"; and Alfred B. Clubok, "Political Party Membership and Sub-Leadership in Rural Japan: A Case Study of Okayama Prefecture." The Clubok article, useful as it is, seems out of place both because it is the only one dealing with the postwar...

... Ōkubo as a personal adviser for a time. 31 Fujio Shimomura , “Iwakura shisetsu no Ōbei haken to taibei kōshō” [“Iwakura Embassy's Mission to Europe and Diplomatic Negotiations with America”] in Kōta Kodama , ed., Nihon shakai shi no kenkyū [Studies in Japanese Social History...

... attitudes and values which reflected a continuity with his social origin. Only by giving substantial weight to the traditional and conservative elements in Saionji's thought can his essentially forwardlooking approach to political affairs be understood. Sanjo Sanetomi, Iwakura Tomomi, Konoe Fumimaro...

... as a Christian. He resolved to study for the ministry in order to take the Christian faith in its Congregational form back to his own country. In order to learn more about the West, the Meiji leaders sent a mission abroad under Count Iwakura in 1871. When this mission reached the United States, it asked Neesima...

... the formerly radical Iwakura Tomomi sided with the coalition policy. During this period the Tokugawa interests were dealt a damaging blow, however, by the death of Nariaki of Mito. With its fiery leader gone and weakened by internal dissension, Mito ceased to be a significant power in Japan's internal affairs...

... shock than old narratives suggest, it repositions the late Tokugawa government as a vital regime that anticipated many of the Meiji reforms, and it makes clear that officials who stayed home while the Iwakura Mission was abroad from 1871 to 1873 were far more than caretakers. The analysis of why...

... was not bright. It was at this juncture that attention was turned to the possibilities of development by private companies. Certain political leaders, notably Prince Iwakura Tomomi, had been concerned with the welfare of the old feudal nobility and the samurai whose economic position, in many instances, had...

... of Japanese history, including Aizawa Seishisai's treatise Shinron , the Iwakura Mission, and the Great Promulgation Campaign. Maxey fruitfully reexamines these and other topics, demonstrating that early Meiji leaders held pragmatic, if mutable, attitudes toward religion's potential for bolstering...

..., including Yuri Kosei, Yokoi Shonan, Fukuoka Kotei, Iwakura Tomomi, Nakayama Tadayasu, and Kido Takayoshi, finally resulted on April 6, 1868, in the vague and general statement of future policy and intention usually referred to as the "Charter Oath" of the Meiji Emperor.2 One of the men who had shared...

... plunged to obscurity, whereas Meiji leaders rode the Iwakura mission to the West to glory. In the revolution itself the winners, Satsuma and Choshu, became economic backwaters, whereas the Kanto homeland of the losing Bakufu prospered in unprecedented fashion. Fresh ideas about the restoration from...