... of agricultural involution in nineteenth century Java with my own work on Pampanga Province, Philippines, provides some first steps towards a theory of rural change. Specifically, a modern cash crop economy produces more sophisticated contractual relations between tenants and landowners regardless of changes...

... not been made elsewhere, from the Indus River to the island of Hokkaido and from Siberia to the Maldive Islands, many of them bearing importantly on the growth of civilization amongst the Chinese people; a Han crossbow lock in Taxila, T'ang cash at Anuradhapura, a rock-cut representation of a Sung junk...

... evidence from widely scattered communities is adequate to demonstrate the fact of regional diversity, it is not adequate to test hypotheses concerning its causes and consequences. What we need are detailed maps of the distribution and frequency of such practices as male adoption, uxorilocal marriage, cash...

... rural credit often entailed interest rates above the ceiling set by law. As early as 1790 b.c. , the Laws of Hammurabi established annual interest ceilings of 33.3 percent for grain loans and 20 percent for cash loans. Any loan charging interest beyond the ceiling was illegal (Sowards 1983, 5). To many...

... by sponsoring cash-crop farming in the form of soybean cultivation to meet the growing financial demands of doling out retainer stipends and paying the other high costs of life in the Tokugawa polity. As peasants cleared new swaths of land for soybean cultivation, however, they in turn sparked changes...

... in turn and so avoid the expensive services of the money lender. Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1944 1944 1 A cash is a small copper coin with a square hole in the center. A CHINESE MUTUAL SAVINGS SOCIETY* SIDNEY D. GAMBLE New York City MR. CHANG, who lived in Hopei...

... complete set of accounts covering from 100 to 150 years. Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1943 1943 1 Buck J. L. , Land utilization in China ( Shanghai : Commercial Press , 1937 ), p. 118 . 2 Cash, tiao, min, taels, and dollars are the monetary units...

... by the Baniyas are the same. Prior to direct transportation links with Udaipur city markets, Bhils were geographically isolated and totally outside a cash nexus of exchange. They received goods and cash (which they used as a prestige good for dowries) from local Baniyas, and "repaid" their "debts" with grain...

... (silver bullion and copper cash) begun in the eighteenth century, and he shows that by the nineteenth century Chinese bank notes had joined copper cash and silver to constitute one portion of a "troika" monetary system. Wang Shu-huai provides a comparative study of the modernization of communications...

..., conducted over a three months' period. Sources of income were individually investigated and informants' brief statements of cash earnings for the previous twelve months' period (or four miang harvest-seasons) were compared with their more detailed statements of dispositions of goods and services by volume...

... in the export trade. Moreover, unlike the areas of Sichuan to the north and west of the city, Baxian was not an important producer of agricultural cash crops such as cotton and hemp. Even subsidiary income from handicrafts seems to have played a minor role in the economy of this highly commercialized region...

..., dense populations, compact villages and the cultural importance of pigs characterize sweet potato cultivators such as the Chimbu and Enga. Population densities in the highlands may be as high as 400 persons per square mile. With increasing Western contact, cash crops have influenced all three ecological...

... and the cultural importance of pigs characterize sweet potato cultivators such as the Chimbu and Enga. Population densities in the highlands may be as high as 400 persons per square mile. With increasing Western contact, cash crops have influenced all three ecological zones as well as the insular areas of New...

... alliances of tenants, sometimes aided and organized by labor leaders, lawyers, and politicians. A third participant was the Philippine government. Using case studies of each of the four estates the book comes to several conclusions. The big, wealthy, cash tenants utilized their leadership of the political...

... during the coming year, II. Treasurer's Report. The following is a summary of the audit report for the year ending December 31, 1958. A. Summary of Cash Balances, Receipts, and Disbursements Cash Balance 1/1/58 Receipts Disbursements Cash Balance 12/31/58 General Fund Special Funds: General Expansion...

... resorted to multistrategies to provide grain and cash, but the famine could not have occurred at a worse time: the Ch'ing also had to deal with numerous international crises, rising military costs, local disturbances in many provinces, and the high cost of transferring grain via backward transport system...

... transactions in cash and commodities during the year from April 1933 to March 1934, and it was directed by James M. Andrews, an associate in anthropology at Harvard. In central Siam twelve villages were surveyed by Zimmerman, eleven by Andrews: the two surveys included mainly the same villages (Zimmerman 1931...

... officials, as well as in the government center at Trivandrum. Jeffrey argues that the matrilineal joint family of the Nayars, which was "ill-suited to the demands of a cash economy" and to the increasing individualism fostered by reform in education and administration, led to the decline of Nayar dominance...