Abstract

On june 15, 1936, 120 fresh cadets assembled at Manila's Tutuban Station to board a train for the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), recently established in the mountain city of Baguio. At the end of the line, the cadets changed to Benguet Auto Line buses for the 4,000-foot climb up the zig-zag road to Baguio. As the buses pulled into the campus, some forty upperclassmen, all transfers from the superseded Constabulary Academy, were waiting to greet the new arrivals with a ritual called “hazing.” Even fifty years later, these cadets would recall their reception as traumatic (J. Mendoza 1986, 16).

The text of this article is only available as a PDF.

List of References

Archival Records
Commonwealth of the Philippines
.
1937
. Army Headquarters Bulletin 119, 14 Aug. Department of Manuscripts, Cornell University Library.
Commonwealth of the Philippines
.
1938
. Philippine Army. Philippine Military Academy.
Bulletin of Information 1938.
Manila
:
Bureau of Printing
. RG-350, E-5, Box 1276, No. 28,003, U.S. National Archives.
MacArthur, Douglas. Record Group 16, Archives. Norfolk, Virginia.
Cabangbang, Bartolome, “General Information on Corregidor, Bataan, Concentration Camps and Guerillas,” undated, Philippine Project, Select Messages: Cabangbang, Bartolome C.
Cabangbang, Bartolome, “The Bombardment of Corregidor,” undated, Philippine Project, Select Messages: Cabangbang, Bartolome C.
From: Villamor, To: General MacArthur, NR 154, 11 October 1943, Philippine Project: Select Messages, Villamor—January-October
1943
.
From: Sparks, To: General MacArthur, NR 170, 22 October 1943, Philippine Project: Select Messages, Villamor—January-October
1943
.
Subject: Trained Personnel, To: Colonel C. Whitney, 26 July
1944
, Headquarters 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion (Provisional), United States Army Forces in the Far East, Whitney, Personnel Files-Special, Personnel 5217th Recon. Bn. (Prov.)
Memo from S.J.C. to Chief of Staff, 6 August 1944, General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area, Philippine Project, Guerilla Records, General Files: Philippine Sub-Division, June-August
1944
.
From: Cabangbang, To: General MacArthur, NR 624, 25 December
1944
, Philippine Project, Messages: Cabangbang, September 1944-March-1945.
From: Cabangbang, To: General MacArthur, NR 831,17 January
1945
, Philippine Project, Messages: Cabangbang, September 1944-March 1945.
CW to Chief of Staff, 28 August 1945, Philippine Subdivision—Administration, June-August
1945
.
Capt.  Cabangbang, B.C., General Order No. 1, 1 January
1945
, Philippine Sub-Division-Administration, January 1945.
Quezon, Manuel. Papers. Message from Samuel Goldwyn to President Manuel Quezon, 23 August
1939
, Series V, Box No. 110, File: General Correspondence 1939 August 13–31. Philippine National Library, Manila.
Secondary Sources and Interviews
Alcaraz, Commodore Ramon A. (ret.)
1990
. “Homily.” Address given at the Alumni Memorial Mass, Philippine Military Academy Chapel, Ft. Del Pilar, Baguio City, 17 February.
Alcaraz, Commodore Ramon A. (ret.) Personal communication, 25 July
1993
.
Alcaraz, Commodore Ramon A. (ret.) Personal communication, 28 February
1994
.
Alcaraz, Commodore Ramon A. (ret.) Undated. “The Saga of the Q-Boats.” Manuscript.
Baban, General Pedro (ret.)
1989
. Interview. La Trinidad: 11 February.
Baclagon, Uldarico.
1968
.
They Served with Honor: Filipino Heroes of World War II.
Quezon City
:
DM Press
.
Barnett, Correlli
1967
. “
The Education of Military Elites.
Journal of Contemporary History 2
,
3
:
15
35
.
Bauer, Ronald G.
1973
. “Military Professional Socialization in a Developing Country.” Ph.D. diss.,
University of Michigan
.
Benjamin, Jessica, and Rabinbach, Anson.
1989
. Foreword to
Male Bodies: Psychoanalyzing the White Terror.
Vol. 2 of Male Fantasies, by Klaus Theweleit.
Minneapolis
:
University of Minnesota Press
.
Berlin, Donald L.
1982
. “Prelude to Martial Law: An Examination of Pre-1972 Philippine Civil-Military Relations.” Ph.D. diss.,
University of South Carolina
.
Bettelheim, Bruno
1954
.
Symbolic Wounds: Puberty Rites and the Envious Male.
Glencoe, Ill.
:
Free Press
.
Blanc-Szanton, Cristina.
1990
. “Collision of Cultures: Historical Reformulations of Gender in the Lowland Visayas, Philippines.” In
Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia
, eds. Atkinson, Jane Monnig and Errington, Shelly,
344
–83.
Stanford
:
Stanford University Press
.
Brod, Harry;
1987
. Introduction to
The Making of Masculinities: The New Men's Studies
, ed. Brod, Harry,
1
17
.
Boston
:
Allen & Unwin
.
Caballero, Colonel Deogracias (ret.)
1988
. Interview. Manila, 15 October.
Cadet Corps, Armed Forces of the Philippines
.
1988
.
The Academy Scribe.
Manila
:
The Academy Scribe Organization
.
Chapkis, Wendy;
1988
. “Sexuality and Militarism.” In
Women and the Military System
, ed. Isaksson, Eva.
New York
:
St. Martin's Press
.
Clastres, Pierre
1989
.
Society Against the State: Essays in Political Anthropology.
New York
:
Zone Books
.
Cohn, Carol
1987
. “
Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals.
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
12,
4
:
687
718
.
Dornbusch, Sanford M.
1955
. “
The Military Academy as an Assimilating Institution.
Social Forces
33,
4
:
316
–21.
Enloe, Cynthia;
1992
. “It Takes Two.” In
Let the Good Times Roll: Prostitution and the U.S. Military in Asia
, eds. Sturdevant, Saundra Pollock and Stoltzfus, Brenda.
New York
:
The New Press
.
Enloe, Cynthia;
1989
. “Beyond Steve Canyon and Rambo: Feminist Histories of Militarized Masculinity.” In
The Militarization of the Western World
, ed. Gillis, John R..
New Brunswick, N.J.
:
Rutgers University Press
.
Errington, Shelly;
1990
. “Recasting Sex, Gender, and Power: A Theoretical and Regional Overview.” In
Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia
, eds. Atkinson, Jane Monnig and Errington, Shelly.
Stanford
:
Stanford University Press
.
Finer, S. E.
1962
.
The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics.
London
:
Pall Mall Press
.
First Class of the Philippine Military Academy
.
1940
.
The Sword of 1940.
Manila
:
The Sword
.
Gelvezon, General Ramon (ret.)
1988
. Interview. Manila: 18 November.
Gibson, Janice
1991
. “
Training People to Inflict Pain: State Terror and Social Learning.
Journal of Humanistic Psychology
31,
2
:
72
87
.
Gilmore, David
1990
.
Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity.
New Haven
:
Yale University Press
.
Ginsburgh, Colonel Robert N.
1964
. “
The Challenge to Military Professionalism.
Foreign Affairs
42,
2
:
255
–68.
Gonzalez, Antonio M.
1991
.
Philippine Military Academy: The Golden Sword Class of 1942.
Manila
: Class of 1942.
Herdt, Gilbert H.;
1982
. “Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Initiation.” In
Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea
, ed. Herdt, Gilbert H..
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Hernandez, Carolina A.
1979
. “The Extent of Civilian Control of the Military in the Philippines: 1946–1976.” Ph.D. diss.,
State University of New York at Buffalo
.
Huntington, Samuel P.
1970
.
The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations.
Cambridge, Mass.
:
Harvard University Press
.
James, D. Clayton.
1970
.
The Years of Mac Arthur: Volume I, 1880–1941.
Boston
:
Houghton Mifflin
.
Janowitz, Morris
1960
.
The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait.
Glencoe, Ill.
:
The Free Press
.
Jimenez, Colonel Franciso (ret.)
1995
. Interview. North Hollywood, California: 5 January.
Jose, Ricardo Trota.
1992
.
The Philippine Army, 1935–1942.
Quezon City
:
Ateneo de Manila University Press
.
Kemp, Kenneth W. and Hudlin, Charles.
1992
. “
Civil Supremacy Over the Military: Its Nature and Limits.
Armed Forces & Society
19,
1
:
7
26
.
Keesing, Roger M.;
1982
. Introduction to
Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea
, ed. Herdt, Gilbert H..
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Lara, Captain Eugenio (ret.)
1994
. Interview. Anaheim Hills, California, 2 January.
Lim, Vicente
1980
.
To Inspire and To Lead: The Letters of Vicente Lim, 1938–1942.
Manila
: privately printed.
Lovell, John P.;
1964
. “The Professional Socialization of the West Point Cadet.”In
The New Military: Changing Patterns of Organization
, ed. Janowitz, Morris.
New York
:
Russell Sage Foundation
.
Mangan, J. A.
1986
.
The Games Ethic and Imperialism: Aspects of the Diffusion of an Ideal.
New York
:
Viking
.
Maynard, Harold W.
1976
. “A Comparison of Military Elite Role Perceptions in Indonesia and the Philippines.” Ph.D. diss.,
American University
.
McCoy, Alfred W.;
1989
. “Quezon's Commonwealth: The Emergence of Philippine Authoritarianism.” In
Philippine Colonial Democracy
, ed. Paredes, Ruby R..
Quezon City
:
Ateneo de Manila University Press
.
Meixsel, Richard Bruce.
1993
. “An Army for Independence?: The American Roots of the Philippine Army.” Ph.D. diss.,
Ohio State University
.
Mendoza, Jose
1985
. “Experiences.” Unpublished manuscript.
Mendoza, Jose M., ed.
1986
.
Batch '36 Golden Book.
Manila
:
PMA Class '40 Association
.
Mendoza, Colonel Jose (ret.)
1989
. Interview. Manila: 1 February.
Mendoza, Cadet R. and Evangelista, Cadet Q..
1940
. “P.M.A. Oh! Hail to Thee.”
The Sword of 1940
, 225.
Manila
:
The Sword
.
Mendoza, Reynaldo A.;
1986
. “The ‘Same Banana.’” In
Batch ‘36 Golden Book
, ed. Mendoza, Jose M.,
113
–17.
Manila
:
PMA Class ’40 Association
.
Mosse, George
1985
.
Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Mosse, George
1990
.
Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Navarro, Edmundo
1988
.
Beds of Nails.
Manila
: by the author.
Newman, Joel
1989
. “An Exploratory Study of Elite Philippine Academy Cadets: Social Origins: Family Structure, Function, and Symbolism: Individual Psychodynamics: Occupational Selection: Intergenerational Mobility: and Early Career Success.” Ph.D. diss.,
University of Chicago
.
Nordlinger, Eric A.
1977
.
Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
:
Prentice-Hall
.
Osmeña, Sergio.
1941
.
National Defense and Philippine Democracy: Address Delivered by Honorable Sergio Osmeña at the Commencement Exercises of the Philippine Military Academy, Baguio, March 15, 1940.
Manila
:
Bureau of Printing
.
Osias, , General Victor (ret.)
1989
. Interview. Manila: 18 February.
Pelayo, Colonel David (ret.)
1988
. Interview. Manila: 19 November.
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
.
1990
.
Kudeta: The Challenge to Philippine Democracy.
Manila
:
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
.
Philippine Constabulary
.
1911
.
Regulations for the Constabulary School, Baguio, Benguet, 1911.
Manila
: Bureau of Printing.
Rader, Benjamin G.;
1987
. “The Recapitulation Theory of Play: Motor Behaviour, Moral Reflexes and Manly Attitudes in Urban America, 1880–1920.” In
Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800–1940
, eds. Mangan, J. A. and Walvin, James.
New York
:
St. Martin's Press
.
Republic of the Philippines
.
1990
. The
Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission (pursuant to R.A. No. 6832).
Manila
:
Bookmark
.
Rodriguez, Ernesto O.
1986
.
Commodore Alcaraz: First Victim of President Marcos.
New York
:
Vantage Press
.
Rosenthal, Michael
1986
.
The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scout Movement.
London
:
Collins
.
Selochan, Viberto
1990
. “Professionalization and Politicization of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.” Ph.D. diss.,
Australian National University
.
Shils, Edward A. and Janowitz, Morris.
1948
. “
Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II.
Public Opinion Quarterly
12
:
280
315
.
Smith, Dale O.
1988
.
Cradle of Valor: The Intimate Letters of a Plebe at West Point.
Chapel Hill, N.C.
:
Algonquin Books
.
Stoler, Ann Laura.;
1991
. “Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and Morality in Colonial Asia.” In
Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era
, ed. di Leonardo, Micaela.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Tiger, Lionel
1969
.
Men in Groups.
New York
:
Random House
.
Tiglao, Rigoberto D.
1990
. “Rebellion from the Barracks: The Military as Political Force.” In
Kudeta: The Challenge to Philippine Democracy
, Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism,
1
23
.
Manila
:
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
.
Tuazon, Colonel Hospicio (ret.)
1989
. Interview. Manila: 21 January.
Van Gennep, Arnold.
1960
.
The Rites of Passage.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Velasco, General Segundo (ret.)
1988
. Interview. Manila: 22 November.
Velasco, General Segundo.
1968
. “
Speech Delivered by General Segundo P. Velasco, Outgoing AFP Chief of Staff, During Turnover Ceremonies at Fort Aguinaldo on 28 May 1968
.”
Pasig, Rizal
:
Manila Times Files, Lopez Memorial Museum
.
Warmsley, Gary M.
1972
. “
Contrasting Institutions of Air Force Socialization: Happenstance or Bellwether?
American Journal of Sociology
78,
2
:
399
417
.
Welch, Claude E.Jr.;
1976
. “Civilian Control of the Military: Myth and Reality.” In
Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries
, ed. Welch, Charles E.Jr.
Albany
:
State University of New York Press
.
Welch, Claude E.Jr., and Smith, Arthur K..
1974
.
Military Role and Rule: Perspectives on Civil Military Relations.
North Scituate, Mass.
:
Duxbury Press
.
Wesbrook, Stephen D.;
1983
. “Sociopolitical Training in the Military: A Framework for Analysis.” In
The Political Education of Soldiers
, eds. Janowitz, Morris and Wesbrook, Stephen D..
Beverly Hills
:
Sage Publications
.