... nineteenth-century Western Armenian novel Armenian feminism feminist literature palimpsestic female writing The New Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language defines palimpsest as “parchment or other piece of writing material from which one writing has been erased to make room...

... populations and later mass deportations and massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century—most notably the genocide of 1915—produced a large archive of objects for interrogation and have informed a great deal of scholarly inquiry. A smattering...

... the educational scene of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, perhaps because they did not serve a wider non-Armenian population. By the admission of their own direc- tors and teachers, the Jewish AIU schools tended to be poorly managed and staff ed. Th e AIU curriculum prioritized...

... points: in the Middle East as in the premodern West, there was no word for homosexual (a late nineteenth- century Western coinage) and, in both regions, this meant there was no such general concept. Th e important distinction in both East and West was in the role taken: at least in the Middle...

... of women hosting gatherings of intellectuals. Already in the late nineteenth century, the poet and journalist Marianna Marrash (1849- 1919) was bringing together writers and artists in her home in Aleppo. The luminaries of the day recited poetry and discussed literature in a lively at- mosphere...

...Mona Russell This paper examines the development of advertising for soap and clothing in Egypt between the late nineteenth century and 1936, when women’s bodies evolved from non-representation to mobilized political figures to highly sexualized objects used to market commodities. In many respects...