... stronghold of Acre, objects such as the gates of Janus in imperial Rome, the Tower of Babel, and the fortified city of Troy serve as potent emblems of turning points in the historical past and as potential springboards toward an imagined future. These monumental points of reference form a lattice...

..., “We usen here no [are not accustomed here] wommen for to selle” (IV.182), but since Troy’s siege is caused and sustained by the traumatic exchange of women, he appears to be the only character who sub- scribes to this view.59 Warriors value women as signs of conquest and domi- nance before...

... of Odysseus’ wan- derings from Troy back to Ithaka illustrates a recognition among some of Homer’s ancient critics that there was no Mediterranean portolano to guide the reader from Kythera to Ithaka. Aristotle made a very similar quip about Plato’s Atlantis, when he said that the same poet who created...

... was ybrought, al fressh yslayn, To Troye. Allas, the pittee that was ther, Cracchynge of chekes, rentynge eek of heer. (2827–34) Whether despite or on account of the sorrow explicitly named here as infinite, the speaker makes a brief effort to enumerate the Theban's loss. The oscillation...

.... If he succeeds, he lends them political authority. If he fails, the world of the play will fall into a repeat of the kind of tribal warfare that characterized the fight with Troy. Thus we might say that Orestes’s embassy establishes a principle of representation, rather than pointing toward...

... by medievalists, as David Lawton has pointed out, the paradigm has resisted change.7 The idea that the Renaissance discovered “the past as past”—the thesis of Thomas Greene’s highly influential study of Renaissance human- ism, The Light in Troy —posits as a corollary vision the Middle Ages as a period...

... of cultural division and contest. The Andanças’ deft amalgamation of the adventurous anecdote with the frontier ethos of reconquista is evident also in the following account of Tafur’s bravery off the coast of Troy: É yendo por el canal çerca del Dardinelo, que fué puerta de...

... its most likely inspiration, Christine de Pizan’s Livre des Trois Jugements — and like the pseudojuridical Belle Dame poems — Jean de Werchin’s Songe de la Barge “persists in delaying closure” by presenting love-­debates and refusing to resolve them.39 One of the three cases that Love hears...

... þretynge [threatening] hem with his swerd on honde. And amyddes al þis grete richesse, þei han y- set, by good avisenesse, þe dede cors [corpse] of þis worpi kny t John Lydgate, Troy Book In 1461 the severed head of Owen Tudor was transformed into public sculp- ture not once, but twice. During...

....” 46 MONH MS R13 (1761), 2; MS (1775), 8: “Je cherchois la Lumiere.” 47 MONH MS R198 (1775), 9: “D: Qu'avez vous vu quand vous etes entré en loge. / R: rien que l’ésprit humain puisse comprendre. / D: qu'avez vous vu quand vous avez été reçu maçon. / R: trois grandes lumières. / D: que...

... the roughly coeval Pearl manuscript (London, British Library, MS Cotton Nero A.x), with its three biblically inspired poems (Pearl, Clean- ness, and Patience) joined to an account of the Christianized chivalric legacy of Troy (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight). This is not the place to read the Pearl...

... and Russia: Three Embassies, 76; Jarmo Kotilaine, Rus- sia s Foreign Trade and Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 113. 86 Miège, Relation, sig. A6v. 87 Guy Miège, La Relation de Trois Ambassades (Amsterdam, 1669); Guy Miège, La Rela- tion de Trois Ambassades (Rouen, 1670...

... that they are bound- ary figures, gatekeepers that Philip must successfully negotiate in order to engage with British history. Their temporal sequence—first in the pageant series—stresses their antiquity and, by extension, Britain’s claim to an ancient and noble genealogy stretching back to Troy. They function...

... on a different idea of authorship and textual authority? Spearing argues that for medieval readers “the textual I was (what we would call) a proximal deictic, and they did not distinguish between its possible fictional and autobiographical referents.” 21 When John Lydgate refers the readers of his Troy...

..., that traicte designed to legitimate and add “reason” to Jean de Berry’s “conquest” of the Lusignan fortress, as a kind of reverse Aeneas narrative. If Aeneas left Troy, traversing the Mediterranean to eventually found Rome, becom- ing thereby, in the view of many medieval French writers, the primordial...

.... Fauvelle, François- Xavier. The Golden Rhinoceros: Histories of the African Middle Ages. Translated from the French by Troy Tice. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2018. ix, 264 pp., 3 color maps, 7 color plates, 34 illus. $29.95. Hunt, Lynn. History: Why It Matters. Cambridge: Polity, 2019. 160...

...) [the first consideration is to stress that Spain and also that part called Castile had kings before the first destruction of Troy, ever since Hercules the great who was involved in the first destruction of Troy in the times of King Laomedon before the time of Priam...

... to my tongue as English—for I have always gone on speaking it with my wife and have started my grandchildren on learning it as well as I have been able. (Brereton, 413) [. . . mes deux filles sont mariées; et a celle d’Irlande trois fils...

... French, as in the name of the place called gulph de leun ; words from Greek, as in the name Ayos Yamos, a city built close to ancient Troy; and words from Italian, as in pomica, the name Sicilians gave to stones ejected by Mount Etna.28 Even words from Arabic are mentioned: for example, the regnum...

... the essence of the modern age.” 20 Peter Burke, The Renaissance Sense of the Past (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1967), 1. 21 Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982), 30. 22 Panofsky, Renaissance...