... to observing the canonical hours. Personal breviaries enabled friars to merge conventual and itinerant ideals, adhering to the Dominican order's rule. While serving friars’ personal use, breviaries also marked collective identity, distinguishing Dominicans from other religious professionals and fostering...

... testimonies. Even source materials that have traditionally been deemed didactic or normative, like exempla or breviaries, can reveal personal or even intimate aspects of religion when read through the lens of experience, as shown by Sari Katajala-Peltomaa and Marika Räsänen. Didactic material was based...

... books, however, had used the calendar to order the annual lections.45 Calendars fre- quently accompanied devotional texts like primers, breviaries, and books of hours, but these earlier calendars simply listed saints’ days, liturgical cel- ebrations, and other major festivals without also...

... as the Mongols. Alongside this information, five pieces of advice are added for future missionaries, derived from Riccoldo s personal experiences.27 Many of the authors who previously had served Riccoldo in other works are used again here: Aquinas, Augustine, Jerome, Gregory the Great (especially his Moralia...

... of February illuminated by Franco-Flemish artists in a breviary that the Venetian Cardinal Domenico Grimani had purchased by October 1520.97 The boy kneels at the threshold of his humble abode and lifts his gar- ment with both hands, directing a steady and copious flow into the snowy yard. The Venetian...

..., or indeed to still other persons or institutions.1 The experience of wives was especially contingent since their husbands never left their natal lineage; indeed, men’s participation in the activities and privileges of Venice’s patriciate depended on their membership in one of the houses which from...

... several leaves from a thirteenth-­century parchment breviary and two printed works.14 The Latin texts include a series of commentaries on the Pater Nos- ter and the Ave Maria, as well as William Perault’s De eruditione religiosorum and Sebastian Brant’s 1498 edition of Jean Raulin’s Collatio de...

... personalizes the female donkey, so much so that the quarrel between man and she- ass recalls the humorous bickering between the impatient Noah and his obstinate wife in the cycle plays. It’s not surprising, then, that a proclamation of the plays known as the Chester Late Banns specifically calls...

... gradually replace women as gynecologists, as inherited and practical expertise is ousted by scientific knowledge.15 The fact that women must carry the fetus, however, means that they have little spare time for pur- suing learning. “Consider the facts,” a learned person says. “First, there are nine...