... offers an idealized representation of the presumably male body, that idealization is also inextricably linked to nonidealized, even abject bodies, so that these early modern notions of bodily knowledge production both undergird and challenge assumptions about gender and class. Copyright © 2018 Duke...

... , Bruni criticizes Niccolò Niccoli’s cultural extremism and advances a moderate ideal of humanism that seeks to revise and incorporate nonhumanist traditions instead of rejecting them outright. In doing so, Bruni also intends to shield his ideal of humanism from the attack of the traditionalist sector...

... ideal to a mental faculty. In the Spiritual Exercises , attention is an experience that is not independent of the spiritual ideal of attending to God but rather a sign and trace of the latter. Boyle sought to relax the strict regime of earlier meditations by offering a new recipe: his reformed program...

...Holly A. Crocker This article argues that Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida continues an important late medieval poetic tradition that highlights the troubling consequences of virtue’s performativity for idealized women. If Chaucer is pessimistic about the potential for Criseyde’s ethical agency...

... of inner and outer bodies in Hadewijch's Visions and her List of the Perfect . Arguing against a Neoplatonic interpretation of Hadewijch's visions that disassociates the ideal inner body from any material and historical manifestation, this essay stresses the importance of werke for Hadewijch, in which...

...” — is the ideal site to explore this jettisoning of materiality, maternal origin, and all reminders of death and decay. In particular, the essay examines moments of the abject’s revelation in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice and Middleton’s Revenger’s Tragedy , contending that the discovery space is one way...

..., the poem contains its existential anxiety within the strict metrical forms of the alliterative long line. Its structure balances assorted visions of death with images of joy, but traditional Old English formulas afford very specific ideas of joy that describe an idealized heroic male world. By reading...

... imperatives and was likely designed to idealize his posture as a social satirist and sum up the ambitions of his life's work. This essay adds another dimension to understanding this memorial image, reading the archer through a technical figure of mathematical astronomy. Seeing in the illustration a silhouette...

... Goodman, John Milton, John Wesley). There is evidence of a parallel development in scientific circles, as practitioners like Robert Boyle reflected on the necessary role of implicit faith in the collective production of knowledge, a project to which the ideal image of the self-determining individual...

... us see the important ways in which Ford’s juxtaposition of two different kings suspends the validity of both the Tudor myth and the sacramental ideal. The upshot is a layered and reticent political drama: by positioning itself between a myth of medieval sovereignty as limited, contingent...

... reading and writing are conceptualized in terms of uncircumcision. Circumcision, whether literal or symbolic, is central to the Jewish and Christian traditions, and the prepuce was practically sacred to the Greeks and Romans.3 Ideals of circumcision, then, dwell mysteriously close...

..., fashion, the distorted perspective afforded through aging, the passing of time, the influence of the body over percep- tion, youth, ideal human proportions, the nature of Fortune, accusations of effeminacy within the court, women, decorum, custom, envy, the uses and abuses of nostalgia, the death...

... for the production of delicate and ornate tableware, but it also proved an ideal recipe for sheet glass.4 When blown into a cylinder that was then cut open and laid flat to harden, cristallo offered a thin, clear, and flat surface for silvering.5 This silvered crystal glass, thin and light enough to be fashioned...

... that are not entirely Virgilian. The ambiguous unfinishedness of the poem enables each reader to speculate on Virgil's intentions and thus theoretically to create as many ideal versions of the Aeneid as there are readers. Petrarch engages the question directly by referring to another place in Suetonius, where...

... in and of itself, this communal ideal retained further significance as an underlying principle of the feast of Corpus Christi and the sacrament of the Eucharist. One of the lessons read during the octave of Corpus Christi explicitly imagines the Eucharist in social terms, defining it as “the sacrament...

... the hidden ide- ological agenda that informs the portrayal of the landscape, which in turn promotes the ideology. The paintings of the period fashioned an ideal image of rural life, suggesting a “stable, uniŽed, almost egalitarian society.”2 When one examines the English society of the day, however...

..., and critics have argued that the Lady’s spirited defense of temperance against Comus anticipates the ideals of Milton’s republican writings of the 1640s. Her description of the virtue of temperance has been depicted as “potentially anti-­hierarchical” and as advocating a “redistribution of wealth...

... ideal of discipline through love furnishes an outstanding example of “good” discipline, one able, when properly situ- ated historically, to withstand attack by the suspicious. Herbert’s “Disci- pline,” I will argue, is good (and here I am purposely dropping...

... of the state. As Julia Smith says, since legitimate late Roman political behavior was intricately connected to correct behavior (of both partners) within marriage, ideals of the latter “spilled over into wider social and political relationships. The organisation of power within Roman society at large...