... no longer existed. Petrarch Rerum familiarum libri correspondence with Cardinal Giovanni Colonna Roman Empire and Germanic barbarism cultural politics Copyright © 2021 by Duke University Press 2021 This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed...

... the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV, encouraged the Electors of the Empire to learn foreign languages, in the Golden Bull of 1356, his rationale was that the Empire oversaw the laws and government “of various nations, distinct in their cus- toms, life and language.”21...

...- culinity. As Germanic people moved into the empire they adopted new practices, and their own notions must have been influenced by contact with the provincials in the processes which created the new post-Roman political units. As should have become evident, the nature of imperial government...

..., or “Deus,” in the title page suggests similarities with a Roman and pagan past and, as we shall see, a Catholic present. For instance, the Mexica rituals dedicated to the upper- right figure of Huitzili- pochtli points to the challenge of understanding the Mexica religion, par- ticularly human...

... that in some versions the Middle Ages closed and the Renais- sance begins, as it were, on one bright day; but Gibbon’s attention, as his title suggests, was on the Roman Empire and the belated demise of a political, rather than Petrarch’s prior reinvention of a spiritual, Romanitas.4 The Byz- antine...

... that which is done in their kingdom or which belongeth thereunto, as also other memorable things, cun- ning and fine devices, laws and ordinances, all policies & govern- ments in their towns, wherein they much resemble and surpass the ancient Grecians and Romans.21...

...: the idea that there is a middle time, a squalid time of shadows which follows Roman Antiquity and which will in turn be followed by a second coming of light, of radiance, a period Petrarch believes he will never live to see. Implicit in Petrarch’s his- toriography...

... 26.00. Bianchini, Janna. The Queen’s Hand: Power and Authority in the Reign of Berenguela of Castile. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. xii, 350 pp.; 1 geneaology, 7 maps. $69.95. Birdal, Mehmet Sinan. The Holy Roman Empire and the Ottomans: From...

..., and sexuality. In so doing, the format facilitates the identification of many individuals with the same image; viewers could find themselves in the book, labelled as a member of a group, as a Roman matron, for instance, or a Venetian senator (see fig. 4, for example). Bringing together illustrations...

... again with Rome. For this reason, Foxe dealt with Byzantine history in far more detail than earlier English apologists had done, providing a narrative account running from the early Roman Empire to the fall of Constantinople. While a range of perspectives on Greek Christian history can be found...

... in the architec- tonics of medieval Europe an ever developing discord between the leitmotivs of the Graeco-Roman world (already riddled with conflict: the hyphen in that epithet hides much salted earth), of Judeo-Christianity (another blood- soaked “unity and of the many German and Celtic tribes...

..., was the distinctive Mozarabic rite replaced by the Roman rite which had been standard elsewhere in the West since the time of Charlemagne. The kingdom of Navarre, which straddled the Pyrenees, was the site of intense acculturation. French presence was strong...

... of wayward flesh. It emphasizes that the culture of the Roman Empire is “elsewhere” than eleventh-century England—and that the price of the reader’s assimilation to Roman models of masculinity would include a “Romanized” acceptance of naked male flesh next to other naked male flesh. At the same time...

... and barbarism. Circumcision, for the Greeks and the Romans, would remove a beautifying adornment that made man human. So necessary was uncircumcision for acceptance in Greco-­Roman society that ancient physicians sometimes even restored the circumcised prepuce with plastic surgery. The ancient...

... figure, deploys the Roman alphabet (upper- ­and lowercase), Arabic numerals, and the Greek alphabet to tie the image to the accompanying tex- Sawday / Cartography, Anatomy, and the Renaissance Eponym  25 tual descriptions in order to produce no fewer than seventy discrete...

... royalty whom Anglo-Saxon readers might view not simply as a phenomenon of a bygone Roman past but as a figure who might be found within their own Germanic world. Repeated use of the terms cwen and hlæfdige also serves as a means of invoking Elene’s typological status, for both terms were...

... what to say” (76). The English ruse was largely ineffective. Although it was some time before they could produce documentary proof for the authorities to whom they answered, the ambassadors of Venice, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire...

... by locating its origins, especially Parliament’s, in England’s Gothic past. Here the case was made that contemporary English law was nothing more than the customs practiced by the Germanic tribes, especially the Saxons, who filled the void left by the Romans.7 It is important to note...

... to Discoverie, 98 – 99. Scanlan also notes the varied ways that Protestants viewed natives: “When they are not identifying with the native inhabitants as fellow victims of Catholic treachery and predation, the Protestants will demonize them as unconscious adherents of Roman Catholicism...

...: HarperCollins, 1997); Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (AD 100 – 400) (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1984); Henry Mayr-Harting,­ The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-­Saxon England, 3rd ed. (London: Batsford, 1991); Barbara Yorke, The Conversion of Britain...