...Nicole D. Smith A Christian Mannes Bileeve is a little-known Middle English commentary on the Apostles’ Creed that was read by women religious to learn ecclesiastical doctrine. It presents, in a unique way, the figure of the thinking heart to reconcile the gendered binaries of Latin and vernacular...

... of Luther’s sermon are his corollary statements about the function of representations of hell. Hell comes up because much of the sermon addresses the part of the Apostles’ Creed on the Descent, stating that Christ “descended into hell; on the third day he rose again from the dead” [Nidder...

... tropes and imagery that can be found in medieval mysti- cal texts. Speci cally, when Bale describes how the apostle John received the revelations of heaven, he re ects a particular way of speaking about human encounters with God that was rooted in the fourteenth- and fteenth- century English...

... in a learned little treatise . . . in which she is concerned to show that St. Athanasius was in fact the author of the Creed that bears his name.”8 Mary and Anna, along with their teenage siblings, their mother, uncles, and (on occasion) their father, made up the Little Academy: the group that met...

... was pleasing to Him.”35 The apostles themselves, after all, had no foreknowledge of the Crucifixion or Resurrection. This made it possible to imagine the salvation of pagans whose virtues would seem to have predisposed them to the gospel, had they ever been in a posi- tion to receive it.36...

.... The remembrance of Christ’s self-­emptying descent (see Phil. 2:5 –  11) inspires, in turn, Raymond’s ecclesial and moral interpretation. The apostles, martyrs, and confessors of old followed the Lord’s own way of redeeming humility, Raymond observes, welcoming “every kind of trial — torture, imprisonment...

..., shut the door, and pray to your Father who is in secret; and your Father who sees what is done in secret will reward you” (Matt. 6:6). The apostle James is even more direct: the prayer offered in faith will heal the sick man, the Lord will restore him to health, and if he has...

... and custom” implies that what matters in a polity is allegiance to a dynasty, not one’s language or descent or even, within limits, one’s religion. In this it parallels the modern concept of citizenship, where creed and color 50 Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies...

... in the terse doctrinal formalism of the Nicene Creed: “Who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, and was made man, and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate. . . . And he shall come again with glory. . . .” Yet Gallagher...

... was that it yielded a qual- ity of knowledge unavailable to the casual observer (and this was taken to include the proponents of competing creeds of natural philosophy). While God’s wisdom in the creation might be apparent to even “a superficial philosopher,” Boyle claims that “how wise an agent he has...

... to the learning capabilities of each individual as must a true pastor. It is not enough merely to instruct adult subjects to learn the Lord’s Prayer, Ave, and Creed, in the expository form Whitford lays out. The lay householder must “se knowe and prove that evry persone in your hous and all that ben under...

... by the appearance of a “great toad.”39 In chapter 7, Teresa weaves discussion of her own frivolous use of time in worldly plea- sures and worthless particular friendships into an account of the final fort- night of her father’s life; he died halfway through reciting the creed. She introduces a sense...