... overall hospital expenditures; that is, if HMOs are providing lower-cost care, then the fee-for-service system will be forced to reduce costs in order to be competitive. The authors studied the 25 largest SMSAs from 1971-1981, and controlling for environmental conditions in each market, they examined...

... that at least one viable PGP has been formed; but there is no convincing reason for believing that population size is a determinant of enroll- ment per capita, given that a PGP has been established. The unit of observation is the SMSA (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area). SMSAs are more desirable...

..., each hospital was assigned to one of seven mutually exclusive cate- gories: flagship teaching; other member of Council of Teaching Hospitals (COTH); other public standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA); other public non-SMSA; voluntary SMSA; voluntary non-SMSA; and investor-owned. A flag...

....) for the reasons cited above.’ Originally, DAWN collected information about drug abuse episodes from 353 reporting facilities in 38 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the Drug Enforcement Administration’s 13 United States regions. At least two reporting units in each SMSA provided data...

...? These results imply that large hospital markets, such as a standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) or county will generally not reflect the actual degree of competition affecting any given hospital in the area. Three basic approaches have been proposed or used to define geo- graphic...

... population in the SMSA or region. Beds: number of nonfederal short-term general and other special hospital beds per 1,OOO population in the SMSA or region. Outpatient or emergency department: number of hospitals that have organized outpatient or emergency departments per 1,OOO...

..., and subsequently by others for subunits (e.g., states and Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas [SMSAs] in the United States or regions in the United Kingdom) within developed countries (Wilkinson 1996b; Kaplan et al. 1996; Kawachi and Kennedy 1997; Ben Shlomo...

...., counties, standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs) , and states. Ideally, the division would be into natural health care market areas, but this is probably too complicated and is politically infeasible. HSA areas make a reasonable basis since they are a health care jurisdiction...

... 1967 SMSA 5. Scanlon I978 NCH + PCHWN 1969,1973 State *Nursing Homes (NH) as reported in the Master Facility Inventory prepared by the National Center for Health Statistics comprise four categories of homes: Nursing Care Homes (NCH), Personal Care Homes with Nursing...

... - 0.240 0.089 - 0.193 0.148 (0.309) (0.245) (0.310) (0.247) SMSA - 0.070 0.123 0.103 0.181 (0.232) (0.170) (0.235) (0.172) Northeast 0.284 -0.009 0.188...

.... Longitudinal data has never before been available for analysis of reimbursement policy. The main disadvantage of the Medicare data is that information on facility characteristics is rather limited. For each home, the files contain a facility identification number, county and SMSA codes, type...

... that 20 standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs) had been targeted as the primary locations for future federal efforts because these areas display the highest health care costs in the nation. 20 additional areas, displaying rapid population growth in recent...

... at the Institute for Health and Aging and In- stitute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco (see Estes et al. 1988). This study of the effects of DRGs and other policies on community- based, long-term care surveyed a sample of home health agencies in urban SMSAs in San...

... the separate influence of hazard on layoffs from other determinants of job loss. Regional var- iables are employed in all three data sets to control for broad sectoral differences in consumer demand. Dichotomous SMSA variables are available in both the PSID and QES. The PSID also contains...

... 13.9 21.7 44.7 Other SMSAd 30.4 25.3 40.2 26.8 22.3 15.8 Non-SMSA 53.1 62.0 47.0 59.3 56.0 39.4 Financial Status Pct. Total Margin, 1980...

... of McCarthy (1983, who found that the market for primary care physician services in large SMSAs is reasonably competitive, and Cromwell and Mitchell (1986), whose findings on the market for surgery “provide definite support for the notion of competitive market failure-particularly in large...

... in Indiana was chosen for this study. Stratification was determined by whether the hospital is located in a standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) by the United States Census Bureau. We also classified sample hospitals by bed size. Of the 28 hospitals, 14 (50 percent) were classified as urban...

... location was noted, and his mean fee was adjusted for cost-of-living differences using the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series for selected SMSAs and regions of the United States.Table 1l3 presents the weights and mean fee charged among the six dental procedures. In dentistry, many of the prices...

.../gynecolo- gists), nor more than half of all physicians in any standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA). A qualified plan must be legally permitted to operate by the states in which it operates. Additionally, to begin participa- tion in Medicare, a qualified plan must have at least 15,000...

... is the “county group”-each a collection of one or more entire counties and including a mini- mum population of 250,000. (In 1970 the U.S. Census defined about 400 of these; unlike the SMSA, these groups include small urban and rural communities.) The population within each county group was classified...