Abstract
Accountable care organizations (ACOs), joint ventures of commercial insurers and various groups of medical providers such as physicians, specialists, and hospitals whose development in California has been quickened by the Affordable Care Act, carry with them both promise and pitfalls. On the positive side of the ledger, ACOs may improve the quality of medical care even as they lower the costs of that care. On the negative side of the ledger, ACOs may lead to a gain in market power for their participations, allowing those participants to increase the prices they charge to commercial insurers. It is thus a key question for antitrust enforcers to figure out how to separate the sheep from the goats. This article, representing our personal views as state antitrust enforcers in the California attorney general's office, offers our reflection on a number of ACO articles and studies in this special issue through the prism of this key question and sets out a number of additional issues that we believe warrant study in conjunction with ACOs.
