...: Cambridge University Press. Malthus, Population, and the Generational Bargain David Collard Thomas Malthus, inhis famous Essay on Population (1798), put for- ward a simple yet powerful “model” of economic and social policy. The prize was great, since his preventive check...

....~ In the following passage, introduced in the fifth edition of the Essay ( 1817), Malthus explains that the check to population growth, forced upon the system by land scarcity, must either be exercised by declining ‘corn’ wages or by deliberate constraint designed precisely to prevent the decline...

... of behavior was not beyond mortal man. Malthus capitulated, while still claiming victory, when in the second edition of the Essay (1803) he gave special promi- nence to a new preventive check (in addition to vice) to population-moral restraint. . . . Given the possible-although in Malthus...

... of thought on this issue, it would be as follows: Moral restraint was the only acceptable alternative to the twin evils of the preventive check (vice) and the positive check (misery). Any system which encouraged greater moral restraint would produce more virtuous happiness, and hence, on utilitarian...

... condition preventive check Copyright © 2019 Duke University Press 2019 Correspondence may be addressed to John Pullen, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia; by email: jpullen2@une.edu.au . ...

..., unnatural passions, violations of the marriage bed, and improper arts to conceal the consequences of irregular con- nections, are preventive checks that clearly come under the head of vice.” Malthus did not believe that moral restraint-“the restraint from marriage which’ is not fol- lowed...

... they “abolish the preventive check to mar- riage” (179). Mill concurred with Malthus and asserted, therefore, that “Chris- tianity must be replaced or reformed to serve as the moral basis for the new order” in which morals would develop spontaneously (198). At the same time, Mill was optimistic about...

... to the positive and preventive checks to population growth. With this background Wicksell embarks upon his foremost contribution to population studies, “The Two Population Questions,” which follows here. 11. See n. 1 above. 316 History of Political Economy 8:3 (1976) THE TWO...

... of population, the preventative [sic] and positive. Of the latter sort are wars famines diseases and the causes of them are vices of all sorts. The preventive check is prudence by which a man is restrained from marriage till he can support a family. The only means of increasing the population...

... of the reading of Wallace’s communication to the Linnean Society. Collard / Wallace and the Political Economists 607 subsistence and so would have to be checked. In the light of what follows it is important to note that Malthus distinguished between “preventive” checks (such as late...

..., pestilence, famine, etc.-and the biological evolutionists Darwin and Wallace used the idea of positive checks in developing their theories of purposeless natural selection. However, Malthus also allowed for preventative checks, which were practices purposefully developed by individuals to acquire...

... is missing, but the Review printed a reply acknowledging that it had misconceived his classification of the checks and providing the following corrected version of Malthus’s distinction between preventive checks and positive checks: the positive checks are “whatever takes away human beings...

... Association for Labor Legislation (AALL), a lead- ing reform organization, emphasized public assistance as a cause of dys- genicselection: Everyefforttoremove what Malthus called the “positive checks” to populations, without at the same time increasing the preventative checks, must result...

..., there is a multiplication of knavery that would prevent any single knavery from wholly prevailing.18 For Hume, assuming angels write constitutional rules is just as much a mistake as assuming that angels would enforce a perfect constitution and rule a country. Knavery is for Hume the most efficacious check on knavery...

...- ence to “real bills” as the check against overissue. Others, including Blaug (1985) and Laidler (1981), argue that Smith felt that bankers do not always follow their self-interest, in which case, reflux is required as an overriding check. Still others maintain that Smith did not hold...

... modest legal obstacles to reduce . . . the citadel is stormed. Keynes continued: Within our own lifetime the population of this island will cease to increase and will probably diminish. Man has won the right to use the powerful weapon of the preventive check. But we shall do well to recog- nize...

... the monetary authority is willing to create cash” (1936, 205), with economic forces determining the allo- cation between transactions and speculative balances. Because banks offer different types of accounts to appeal to customers’ different motives (checking accounts for those with a transactions...

... of his 1935 book 100% Money is, “Designed to keep checking banks 100% liquid; to prevent inflation and deflation; largely to cure or prevent depressions; and to wipe out much of the National Debt.” He was no more reticent in his letters to the President. In a relatively full summary, he...

... pro- paganda connected with it. 4. Prevent a general rise in prices by removing the cause, which is an excess of money demand for goods (at current prices) as compared with the available supply. 5. Remove the excess money demand directly by rationing the amount...

... subject to check wiped out in the depression could be accom- plished. By 1936 events appeared in a fair way to demonstrating the sound- ness of the case for a compensatory fiscal policy in a severe depres- sion. By the middle of 1936 the volume of all adjusted deposits sub- ject to check...