...Olessia Kirtchik This article is focused on the economic works of the Soviet machinelearning pioneer Emmanuil Braverman, who published, during the 1970s, a series of papers introducing disequilibrium fixed-price models of the Soviet economy. This highly original theory, developed independently from...

...Romain Plassard Robert W. Clower’s article “The Keynesian Counter-Revolution: A Theoretical Appraisal” (1965) was central to the transformation of Keynesian macroeconomics since it contributed to the emergence of fixed-price models, in the 1970s. Despite this influence, no scholar has proposed...

... produces on the price of those commodities which are chiefly obtained by the aid of machinery and fixed capital” (Ricardo 195 1-73, 7:82). I could not, however, follow Whewell’s math- ematical investigation because it contains some mistakes that led him to inaccurate con~lusions.~Thus...

... for critique and helpful suggestions. [HOPE Vol. 7 (1975) No. 31 The “classical dichotomy” in Ricardian economics M. A. Akhtar Macro-theorists continue to be interested in the alleged “classical dichotomy” of the pricing process. Until Keynesians...

...] 1983 . Prices and the Turnpike: The Story of a Mate's Nest. In Collected Essays on Economic Theory, vol. 3. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Helm , D. R. , M. Fg. Scott, and A. K. Sen. 1965 . Capital and Growth . Oxford: Clarendon. Helm , D. R. , M. Fg. Scott, and A. K. Sen. 1967 . Critical...

... : . . . if wages, say, rise, the relative prices of goods into the production of which “hed capital’’ or “fixed capital” of high durability enter largely will fall, and the relative prices of goods which are produced chiefly by labour with less fixed capital or with fixed capital of a less...

... York:Harper. Mankiw, N. Gregory. 1992 . Macroeconomics . New York: Worth. ____. 1997 . Principles of Economics . Fort Worth, Texas: Dryden. Mansfield, Edwin. 1992 . Economics . 7th ed. New York: Norton. Marschak, Jacob. 1951 . Income, Employment,and the Price Level . New York: Kelley...

... competitive equilibrium. J. M. Clark took this avenue; he accepted the long-run validity of the view that income distribution is determined by marginal productivit ies but argued that marginalistic maximizing models were inadequate to explain short-run price/wage behavior because of the fixedness...

... Prices: History, Criticism and Restatement . Cambridge, Mass. Einzig , Paul 1970 . The History of Foreign Exchange , 2d ed. London. Grice-Hutchinson , Marjorie 1952 . The School of Salamanca . Oxford. Grice-Hutchinson , Marjorie 1978 . Early Economic Thought in Spain 1177...

.... Eltis , W. 1984 . The Classical Theory of Economic Growth . London. Gordon , R. A. 1961 . Differential Changes in the Prices of Consumers' and Capital Goods. American Economic Review 51 ( December ): 937 -57. Hollander , S. 1980 . On Professor Samuelson's Canonical Classical...

... amounts and hence lead to relative price changes. Where profit taxes depend on accounting profits and not economic profits, a change in the value of money alters the tax burdens of various firms according to their ratios of fixed to circulating capital. The various differences be- tween economic...

...Jun-ji Shih Institute of the Three Principles of the People, Academia Sinica, Taipei TAIWAN. Copyright © 1989 by Duke University Press 1989 References Baumol , W. J. , and D. F. Bradford 1970 . ‘Optimal departures from marginal cost pricing.’ American Economic Review 60...

...: An Inquest. HOPE 27 : 1 -41. Dornbusch, R. 1971 . Notes on Growth and the Balance of Payments. Canadian Journal of Economics 4 : 389 -95. ____. 1973a . Currency Depreciation, Hoarding, and Relative Prices. Journal of Political Economy 81 : 893 -915. ____. 1973b . Devaluation, Money...

... economics may have led to marginalism itself. But the interesting feature of this development for historians of thought is that cost and pricing structures of the firm in imperfect competi- tion, including location analysis and important observations relating to industrial organ- ization, were...

... foreign recession and raise home utility. What can his argument pos- sibly be? A combination of British import subsidies and export tar- iffs will lower British prices relative to French prices. Suppose gold is money, the gold stockis fixed, and wages are flexible in Britain but inflexible downward...

... Historical Society , Madison . Carver Thomas N. 1919 . “ The Possibilities of Price Fixing in Time of Peace. ” American Economic Review 9 ( 1 ): 246 – 51 . Chasse John Dennis . 1991 . “ The American Association for Labor Legislation: An Episode in Institutionalist Policy Analysis...

.... In Keynesian economics, by contrast, it is assumed that there are no markets in future commodities, implying that traders must form expectations of the relevant future prices. In the case of capital prices, we will assume static expectations, while expected capital rentals are taken as exogenous...

... the exploitation of individual economic needs.” As we have seen, common estimation guarantees a just price because no individual circumstances, such as cost, gains, risks, or need, are con- sidered in the process of fixing prices. Individuals should respect the com- mon price. Justice depends on the manner...

... system.4 The interest rate instrument, which was used in case of a gold drain to trigger capital inflows and redress payment imbalances according to Bagehot’s rule (McKinnon 1993, 3–4), now served to control credit and so stabilize the price level and economic activity. As Keynes ([1923] 1971...

... are likely to be relatively low; wages “will be determined by causes which operate strongly against the labourer, and in favour of the employer.” The employer is advantaged, first, “by having the initiative in fixing the price,” and “in that contest of endurance between buyer and seller...