.... The second, technical norms, was a long-term project initiated by the socialist state to design norms based on workers’ physical capacity in order to extract the greatest amount of effort most efficiently. In both cases, wages were set according to the level of exertion expended by the worker, not by output...

... of the evolving interaction of tools, theories, and researchers, within an overall process of learning by modifying. Using citation and cocitation networks, extracting algorithms and semantic networks, we found evidence that confirms the unfolding of an interdependent and collective evolution of the impact...

... of the evolving interaction of tools, theories, and researchers within an overall process of learning by modifying. Using citation and cocitation networks, extracting algorithms and semantic networks, we found evidence that confirms the unfolding of an interdependent and collective evolution of the impact...

... ownership of the telephones, telegraphs, and railways in the United States . ———. Item 8: Extract from the findings of the National Civic Federation's special investigating committee to determine the relative merits of private and public ownership . ———. Item 10: Extract from Woodrow Wilson's...

.... So defi ned, probability is relative not to the individual events, but to the frequency assumed by certain events in a long series. For example, it has been ascertained, by means of repeated extractions, that a certain urn contains white balls (W ) and black balls (B). In particular, it has...

... hand.8 The first of the two passages is reproduced in extract 1 together with its two English counterparts and the Higgs translation. The variations between the three versions of this paragraph do not seem to be of great import. Still, perhaps it should be noted (1) that Higgs prob- ably relied...

...Marcia Pointon Copyright © 1999 by Duke University Press 1999 References An account of Mr. Cox's Intended Exhibition at Spring Gardens. British Magazine January 1772; reprinted in A Collection of Various Extracts … London: J. Bell, no date; sporadic pagination. (Guildhall Library, London...

... and Net National Product. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 96.2 : 253 –56. ———. 1996 . Constant Consumption as Interest on Capital. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 98.3 : 439 –43. Herfindahl, Orris C. 1967 . Depletion and Economic Theory. In Extractive Resources and Taxation , edited...

... degree of individual interest with the greatest ease possible. What are we dealing with? Is this extract an early draft of the Wealth of Nations, or could it be some newly discovered lecture notes from those given by Adam Smith in his Glasgow lectures? The parallels with Smith are striking...

... of the political abuse that was of concern to BB and the classicists. Generally, classical economists differed with BB in their predictions of how far the wealth-extraction process might be carried. According to BB, Leviathan can transfer wealth from individ- uals up to the point where...

... of Economics of Richard T. Ely (1908). Of the twelve chapters for which he was responsible, one on the social dividend is reprinted here. The next item, “Socialism,” comprising three extracts from a set of lecture notes for a course at Washington University in 1912, is more interesting. The editors have...

... implied that exploitative extraction of natural resources belonged in the ‘unearned increment’ cate- Pry. 5. The outstanding exception to this statement is William Stanley Jevons’ The coal ques- tion, published in 1865. The coal question was a pessimistic analysis of the consequences...

... of the mine. How high should such a uniform annual extraction be? Obviously the mine owner cannot enhance the initial physical mass of the mineral in his mine. But he can take it out more or less quickly. Under quick mining, Cassel [ 1918 ( 1932, 29 1)] said, the advantage...

... with political economy occurred in Paris from the fall of 1843 through the late summer of 1844. His ‘Paris Note- books’ from that period contain extracts from and critical comments on works by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, J. B. Say, J. R. McCulloch, James Mill, and Frederick Engels’ Outlines...

.... In others, only a small extract has been published. Some have never been published. The locations of some of the originals are as yet unknown, their exis- tence being known only through published versions. There are forty-three known locations, in seven countries (Britain, Italy, Japan, the United...

... not to the individuals, but to the frequency of a modality assumed by certain indi- viduals in a long series (i.e., in the long run). For example: it has been ascertained, by means of repeated extractions, that a certain urn contains white balls (B) and red balls (R). In particular, it has been ascertained...

... and yet presented by Samuelson as the only way in which we might gain valid knowledge of our historical predecessors. There is nothing to be gained from unearthing the prevailing conventions under which an author labored or the empirical beliefs that they held. Rather, the goal is to extract a valuable...

... below the natural rate. A reasonably careful comparison of the relevant passages thus shows that Friedman’s analysis differed considerably from that of Mises. Furthermore, Edwards extracts passages by Mises on the balance of payments which, he claims, constitute a “clear statement...

... distressingly meagre and vague. We have the famous account of “Mr. Smith’s lectures while a Professor at Glasgow” with which John Millar supplied Stewart in the early 1790We have the intriguing extract quoted by Stewart from “a RONALDMEEK is Tyler Professor of Economics at the University...

... from his diaries for 1856-60, extracts from a notebook he kept concerning his publications, copies of some examination papers in political economy he was concerned with as examiner or examinee, four reviews of the Theory of political economy, and last, but not least, an ample 200-page...