... to counteract counterfeiting (as implemented by individuals) may conceal a claim to suppress any possibility of debasing, and even enhancing, currency (as decided by princes). Clarifying the monetary discourses on the topic and establishing a hierarchy between those dimensions help us understand why the false...

...Carl Wennerlind Correspondence may be addressed to Carl Wennerlind, Department of Economics,Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027. Duke University Press 2004 Aicken, Joseph. 1696 . The Mysteries of the Counterfeiting of the Coin of the Nation...

... functions. He explains how money overcomes the problems of barter. He dis- cusses the harmful effects of counterfeiting and currency debasement (anticipating similar observations by Nicholas Oresme during the four- teenth century and by Thomas Gresham, Richard Cantillon, and others much later...

... economia politica , edited by Custodi Pietro , 301 – 81 . Milan : Destefanis . Caffentzis C. George . 2001 . “ Hume, Money, and Civilization; or, Why Was Hume a Metallist? ” Hume Studies 27 ( 2 ): 301 – 35 . ———. 2008 . “ Fiction or Counterfeit? David Hume’s Interpretations...

... and counterfeit silver coins were refi ned into bullion throughout the Otto- man Empire, and the refi ned bullion was used to purchase an equally vast supply of new European coins of several types. In view of the fact that the Ottomans did not mint their own high-value coins of silver and gold, we might...

...Carl Wennerlind Duke University Press 2003 Aickin, Joseph. 1696 . The Mysteries of the Counterfeiting of the Coin of the Nation, Fully Detected and Methods Humbly Offered to Both Houses of Parliament . London: William Downing. Åkerman, Susanna. 1991 . Queen Christina of Sweden...

... practices, lending and borrowing, partnerships, and shareholding); (3) justice and fairness in earning a living (covers topics such as cheating and fraud, hoarding, counterfeiting, false praises of goods exchanged, hiding defects in goods sold, deceit in business, and exploiting another’s gentleness...

... the danger of counterfeiting, the receipts would all be of the same value and would bear the prince’s signature. But the receipts would indeed be money. Money is the means by which everyone’s product is represented: it allows the “living together’’ of a large number of people. The prince...

..., hierarchy of individual and social needs, specialization and division of labor, barter and evolution of money, counterfeiting and currency de- basement, hoarding, public provision of infrastructure, public spending and taxation, and so on. And we tell the readers that he discusses all...

..., of course, be made to circulate if they were not at once absorbed by collectors, in which case we should have six new varieties of half dollars in our currency. The plan multiplies the opportunities for counterfeiting; but above all it is objectionable because it is a fundamental perversion...

... anticipated this result: one of the two objections he discusses is that “this resource will disappear with time, as people will pay with unclipped coins and will find the counterfeiters to punish them, or else the king will have a recoinage.” We will come back to the effect of a recoinage below. Now...

...). Religious ideas, Tolstoy thought, were the earliest messages com- municated through works of art. However, loss of faith during the Reformation robbed Christian art of its message, and “counterfeit” art began to be produced by religious artists, who “could have no standard wherewith to estimate what...

.... In both countries, exogenous shocks were thus absorbed via local bankruptcies and mergers (White 1994 ; Muñoz 2016 ). And in both countries, the qualities of banknotes remained high over time, limiting the possibilities of counterfeiting (Chen 1987 ). Unlimited liability, in which bank...

...,” the only difference between robbery by issuing bank notes and ordinary theft being that the former is effected with “much greater ease” (ibid. 17-1 8). Anderson compared the note-issuing banker to the counterfeiter; each obtains “the benefit of labour without labouring himself ,” although...

... concerns” and would be licensed and supervised (Douglas 1942,31).7 Although some other bank critics (for example, William Anderson and Frederick Soddy, discussed below) have compared the credit creation andlor note issuing activities of private banks to counterfeiting...

... those duties that had a protec- tive, not a revenue, effect. Milton’s argument from elasticity met the ob- jection more squarely. The other argument had to do with smuggling and recalls what earlier had been said about counterfeiting. The free traders said there would be less smuggling...

..., when it came time for Locke to diagnose and cure the major monetary disease of his day, he took the path outlined by his therapy for the understanding. The main monetary crisis Locke faced was the deterioration of the English coinage by clipping, bagging, and counterfeiting (Laslett 1969...

...- venience by a counterfeit money, which foreigners will not accept of in any payments and which any great disorder in the state will reduce to nothing” (1903, 291). In his Lectures (1982) Smith referring to Hume’s view on paper money says, “He seems however to have gone a little into &he notion...

... that would rigidly limit the quantity of money to the quantity of specie. For the convenience of commerce and trade, however, Hume would permit specie to be ex- changed for paper currency. Control of paper or “counterfeit” money would be placed with a public bank which would accept deposits...

... and negociations. But there appears no reason for encreasing that inconvenience by a counterfeit money, which foreigners will not accept in any payment, and which any great disorder in the state will reduce to nothing. (284) Hume lodged a slightly different argument against paper currency in his...