... counterinsurgent warfare against the Shining Path and its presumed supporters. These cases reveal that many Ayacuchanos profoundly distrusted their police and court systems. That was especially true for impoverished—and predominantly rural and indigenous—men and women who could not afford lawyers or bribes...

... state was surprisingly successful in mobilizing and retaining soldiers as it faced the formidable challenges of modern mass warfare. Copyright © 2015 by Duke University Press 2015 Scholars have long pointed to the 1932–1935 Chaco War as a pivotal event in Bolivia's history. The country's...

... take as given certain purported truisms that in fact are highly misleading. For example: “Although some scholars have claimed that Aztec warfare was a purely ritual practice for the objective of capturing enemies for sacrifice … this assertion has been shown to be both overstated and too simplistic” (p...

... revolutionary warfare that began in 1910. Using as examples the states of Nuevo León and Veracruz, Bess shows how highway construction projects involved complex interplay between the policies of the national government and the actions of local powers who exerted substantial influence over the building of roads...

... alliance. The War of the Triple Alliance occurred during the bloody 1860s, contemporaneously with the American and Mexican civil wars and the German and Italian wars of unification. It was a decade when warfare was rooted in romantic views of nationhood redolent of the 1848 revolutions. The author...

... by Duke University Press 2015 In the past decades, historians of Latin America have shown renewed interest in the political, fiscal, and commercial effects of imperial reforms and warfare in altering the relationship between Spain and its American colonies. Historians often emphasize the...

... decisive turn toward the United States, and the domestic imperatives of the war and immediate postwar years through 1921. The timing of events depended on both military operations in Europe and diplomatic trends in the Americas. Great Britain's naval blockade of Germany in 1915 and German submarine warfare...

... following decades, the influence of the United States grew among Chilean soldiers, strengthening anticommunist feelings among the Pinochet generation. The soldiers adopted the concept of subversion—meaning the threat posed by internal enemies of the state—which legitimized all means of “modern warfare” to...

... War ideological warfare. The book moves back in time too. The race-blind ideology's postcolonial dominance whitewashed, in good or bad faith, continuing racial discrimination and obstructed race-centered mobilization during the republic (the Partido Independiente de Color and the race massacre of...

... forward” (p. 129). They “learned a scientific and rational approach to modern warfare and a shared military lore that . . . molded their worldview” (p. 129). Their destiny would be to direct Mexico “away from tradition and toward the progress they saw in London or Paris” (p. 129). The majority of cadets...

... heavily regulated national capitalism. They also substituted political myths for substantiated facts. Inherent to fascism was its persecution of perceived enemies and exaltation of violence and warfare. Variants of fascism borrowed from and competed with each other. Fascists wore shirts whose colors...

... resistance in the face of drought, famine, and plagues, before interelite warfare finally annihilated much of the city. Chapter 9 (“Recognizing Complexity in Urban Life”) reiterates the conclusions of the rest of the volume: Mayapán was a complex, integrated capital in which market commerce bound together...

..., titled “Trade and War,” focuses on the ways in which trade, diplomacy, and war entangled the Anglo-Iberian Atlantic and Pacific worlds. From reconstructing cross-imperial trade in the Caribbean to detailing how warfare in the Pacific remade Spanish and English hegemony in the Philippines, part 4 takes...

... environments. Ambitious in scope, the book's nine chapters span five centuries and traverse the far reaches of the planet while demonstrating how this untidy product of the upwelling ecosystem off the Peruvian coast helped give rise to industrial agriculture, modern warfare, and the conservationist ideas that...

... and political legitimacy through direct action and the redeployment of Spanish legal devices, they effectively undermined local colonial domination. This destabilization of Spanish rule was in fact under way even before racially polarized warfare swept across the high plateau and valleys in late...

... States' imports. Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Board of Economic Warfare (BEW) cast about for alternative sources to supply nearly one million tons of the material essential for seals, tubes, and, most importantly, tires for automobiles and airplanes. The president's Rubber Survey Committee quickly...

... passenger ships for war, but many of its merchant vessels were captured or sunk. Once German submarine warfare brought the United States into the war in April 1917, the Americans purchased the Caribbean islands of St. Thomas and St. John from Denmark and destroyed HAPAG headquarters on St. Thomas. By the...

... earliest artistic representations (pp. 203–26). Her brilliant insight highlights that the indigenous theatrical performances surrounding Guadalupe, recorded in auxiliary paintings at the shrine, included scenes of ritualized warfare that may have acted subversively to challenge colonial authority — a...

... middle class in Argentina. The book begins with a discussion of middle-class views on Peronism, and then each chapter examines reactions to a specific type of activism and political struggle: student and labor protest, guerrilla warfare, and civilian and military rule. The final chapter analyzes...

... that Villa's military strength placed them at a disadvantage. Thus commenced a fresh and even more destructive round of warfare ended only by the definitive triumph of the Constitutionalists under the leadership of Carranza and General Álvaro Obregón in the fall of 1915. The losers in that episode of...