...Alcira Dueñas Overall, Vertical Empire contributes a valuable chapter to the history of Spanish imperial formation, in a period in which the Spanish attempted to make an orderly and productive colony out of scattered Andean ayllus already permeated by overlays of Inca custom. As in all...

... over a maximum vertical range of ecozones (pisos ). Murra emphasized ethnohistorical investigation as his main research methodology, but many ethnographers suggest that contemporary groups demonstrate the survival of verticality. Of the ten papers presented here, six utilize ethnographic data...

.... With United Fruit leading the way, the banana industry came to be dominated by vertically integrated corporations during the first half of the twentieth century. In order to deliver large quantities of bananas to foreign markets, United Fruit coordinated the production process from beginning to end through...

...Arnold J. Bauer What emerges from Murra’s work is a series of hypotheses about the political and economic organization of the Andean world. Perhaps the most striking has been his model of “verticality” or the idea that Andean inhabitants thought of their world as vertical; each community sought...

... complementarity,” sometimes also known as “verticality.” This postulates that Andean societies, particularly those located on the high puna, controlled enclaves on many separate geographic tiers. Thus, they had access to exotic indispensable resources (fish, fertilizer, hot peppers, maize, timber, coca leaf...

..., during Guatemala’s internal conflict, they evolved from vertically oriented, hierarchical and personalistic organizations into horizontally oriented, democratic movements and true reflections of Guatemala’s popular will. By focusing on the relationship between a repressive state and popular organizations...

... another generation focused on what Telles calls vertical social relations. Telles defines the “horizontal” scholars as the first generation that focused on how Brazilians of different colors but similar class status intermingled with one another. Defining their analysis in these terms, scholars found...

..., equal and thus agree to exchanges that are mutually beneficial. He resuscitates Sidney Mintz and Eric Wolf's notion that horizontal and vertical exchanges are complementary, and he presents poor rural Piauienses as rational actors who seek to improve their economic situation by engaging in exchanges...

... and “matrix of power,” building on his previous scholarship (p. 179). Rather than a strictly personalistic or hierarchical entity, Kapcia argues, the Cuban state has proved durable because it includes evolving and overlapping structures of vertical and horizontal communication and negotiation between its...

... up and down the supply chain. When each link in the chain was a separate market, price was a primary signal of demand across links, but vertical integration, contracting, and government intervention also played important roles. Marcelo Bucheli and Ian Read describe the quintessential vertically...

... to be on the street during daytime or nighttime hours. Lipsett- Rivera argues that these spatial effects had both horizontal and vertical dimensions related to security and honor. The horizontal dimension emerges in relation to opposed spaces such as the house and the patio, the house and the street, the town center...

...Willis Knapp Jones Casacuberta. Un actor bajo la tiranía . By Olazábal Renée Pereyra . Illustrations by Guiomar . Buenos Aires , 1956 . Editorial Guillermo Kraft . Colección Vértice. Pp. 345 . Paper. Copyright 1957 by Duke University Press 1957 ...

... and smooth-running, although several forces (social mobility, tax exemption, and private property ownership) were in operation at the time of Pizarro’s arrival promising tranformations to come. The dynamics of economic adaptation to a vertically differentiated and horizontally repetitive geography should...

... near Ayacucho. He argues that manifold exploitation of the vertically differentiated Andean environment, similar to the model described by John Murra for the Inca Empire, provided the economic basis for Wari. Detailed stylistic analysis of ceramics documents the nature and intensity of interaction...

..., the Carlists, and socialists. He found that together these split the country “vertically and horizontally, into a number of mutually antagonistic sections,” eventually producing the Popular Front government, which was made up of so many distinct groups that it could not identify its own supporters or produce...

... be mentioned and corrected. Tierra templada (p. 104) is not the only vertical zone with “cultivated fields.” This would be true of tierra caliente as well as tierra fría . In 1492 the Indians of America were divided into hundreds of language and sublanguage groups, and there were seven or eight main...

...Michael Moseley For more than a decade North American ethnohistorians have been captivated by a rather monotypical portrayal of Tahuantinsuyu. It was pictured as a polity based on a particular form of highland agropastoralism that entailed “vertical” colonization and control of altitudinally...

...Eul-Soo Pang Teatro de sombras: A política imperial . By Carvalho José Murilo de . São Paulo : Vértice/IUPERJ , 1988 . Photographs. Tables. Notes. Graphs. Appendixes. Bibliography . Pp. 196 . Paper. Copyright 1989 by Duke University Press 1989 The title of Carvalho’s work...

... of their capital, the city of Tenochtitlán. It symbolized Mexica political power and was the center of their horizontal universe, which consisted of four quadrants, divisions of the city, associated with four cardinal directions. It was also the center of their vertical universe, where the 9 levels...

... of the possible relationship between carrion feeding and the naked heads of vultures, of the manner in which the Chinese use cormorants for fish catching, or of the fact that the Black Skimmer is the only bird with a vertical pupil, appears in the accounts of these species. Those species for which long quotes...