Figure 11 A pulquería dedicated to the India Bonita. Note panel on left, which shows Seijas trying to enroll indias. Source: El Universal , 24 May 1921. More

Figure 5 “Indian in Costume at the Election of an Alcalde,” showing an Indian dressed as a Spaniard (Guerrero, Imágenes del Ecuador , 76). More

Map 1: The Valley of Panchoy in the central highlands of Guatemala, showing the location of the new city of Santiago de los Caballeros (ca. 1541) and the major sources of water later incorporated into its aqueduct system. After Christopher H. Lutz, Historia sociodemográfica de Santiago de More

Figure 9 Postcard showing the statue to Simón Bolívar in Caracas’ Plaza Bolívar. The postcard has been decorated with two five-cent Venezuelan stamps, themselves depicting Bolívar. (Palenzuela, Primeros monumentos , plate 8.) More

Figure 2. Map showing the Spanish conquistadores' limited geographic knowledge of Peru in early 1533, when they only occupied two towns. In this geographic knowledge map, light areas represent roads that the conquistadores had traveled and places that they had seen. These spaces blur at the edges More

Figure 1 The Valley of Mexico showing Lake Texcoco in relation to Mexico City (1909). Archivo Histórico del Agua, Aguas Nacionales, 32, 412. More

Figure 7 Page from postcard album belonging to Rosa Vasconcelos showing postcards of Napoleon and Vicente Guerrero (Fundación Bustamante, Oaxaca). More

Figure 1 1812 copper coin minted by insurgents in Oaxaca, Mexico. The obverse shows a crude bow and arrow. (Krause and Mishler, Standard Catalog , 1407.) More

Figure 4 A version of the first Peruvian state shield, designed in 1821, showing a radiant Incaic sun crowning an Andean peak. The motto reads “The Peruvian sun has been reborn.” (Pons Muzzo, ed., Símbolos de la patria , unnumbered plate.) More

Figure 1 Eighteenth-Century Map Showing the Eastern Border Regions of Brazilian Guyana. Source: S. Bellin, Le petit atlas maritime (Paris, 1764). More

Figure 3. Map of Lima, Peru, in 1599, showing noxious facilities and municipal trash sites. Hospital San Lázaro is in the upper left, Hospital Santo Toribio to its right. More

Figure 4. Map of Lima, Peru, in 1602, showing the location of notorious miasma producers, including municipal and informal dumps. More

Figure 4. Codex Mendoza, showing Nahua representations of war shields, which Espinosa used to interpret the escudo on Tianguistepetl. Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, fol. 4v. https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/2fea788e-2aa2-4f08-b6d9-648c00486220/surfaces More

Figure 1. This hand-cut newspaper clipping glued to Augusto Queirós's petition shows how petitioners used legal news to support their cases in court. Habeas corpus case filed by Queirós, Rio de Janeiro, 1905, AN, Fundo BV, Série HCO, Cód. Ref. BV.0.HCO.2293. More

Figure 4 Mapa y Talonarios de San Jerónimo, 1907, showing the distribution of lots. More

Figure 5 José María Morelos’s flag, circa 1814, showing a crowned, Aztecstyle eagle perched on a cactus. (Romero Flores, Banderas históricas mexicanas , plate facing 44.) More

Figure 7 An 1845 eightescudo coin from Ecuador, showing a bust of Simón Bolívar, along with the Ecuadorean state shield. (Krause and Mishler, Standard Catalog , 591.) More

Figure 5: Nineteenth-century lithograph of Santa Cruz y Soledad parish showing the neoclassical facade completed during the reconstruction of the church (Pérez Cancio, Libro de fábrica ). More

Figure 1. Map of Lima, Peru, in 1562. Upper miasma symbol shows butcher yards; bottom miasma symbol placed over Plazuela de María Escobar. Also shown, from right to left, are Hospital La Caridad, Hospital San Andrés, and Hospital Santa Ana. More