... and political consideration of the complexity and specificity of the historical and social process of institutionalization of science. Rather than attempt an exhaustive analysis of the readings of Stepan’s work, we will focus on the main areas of historiographic debate, based on the more representative works...

... also examines Cuba's support for resistance efforts. This involved not immediate training for armed insurgency in Chile but rather broader support for solidarity work. Indeed, the Cuban government and the Chilean exiles whom it supported were essential conduits for translating global activism...

... that anticlericalism was not antireligious but rather necessary for the rule of law. Copyright © 2016 by Duke University Press 2016 References Acevedo de la Llata Concepción . 1962 . Memorias de la Madre Conchita . Edited by Campos Armando de María y . Mexico City : Libro Mex . Andes...

... Wilberforce, prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and James Mill, scientist Humphrey Davy, and vaccination proponent Edward Jenner. Their conscious choice to draw closer to Great Britain, rather than Napoleonic France or the early republican United States, reveals much about...

... periodization of drugs to uncover and analyze their complex and often-surprising roles. Rather than fetishize drugs, the essay maintains that they can be productively woven into the largest contexts and problems of Latin American history. After analyzing three methodological concerns of drug history — issues...

... authoritarianism rather than being the result of a transition to democracy. The relationship with homophobic Peronists and left-wing traditions was, paradoxically, crucial for the emergence of the FLH. Most homosexual activists came from the Left, and they understood homosexual liberation as one aspect...

... which different actors and elements played various yet entangled roles. As perceptions of Ushuaia were informed by one's status and form of confinement or relative freedom, we see divergent as well as overlapping understandings of the region rather than a monolithic landscape at “The End of the World...

..., such efforts became a political lightning rod, unifying Chile's domestic opposition around the claim that the state's presence in the food economy—rather than its absence—created scarcity and needlessly politicized domestic life. Ultimately, the article contends that the consumer marketplace was a key arena...

... of property from the church to the state, as might be supposed by extrapolating from the liberal reforms that took place in other countries. Rather, there was a process of appropriation by the state and by the church of property and managerial authority that had previously been held by families and various...

... or with their approval, suggest that these residents were inventing new roles for themselves and took pains to bring attention to their new social positions as property-owners (“solarero,” or owner of a solar), Spanish speakers, Catholics, and city dwellers (“criollo,” or born in the city rather than in a rural...

...: The courts changed the standards of evidence so that they gave clear preference to the empirical observations of the litigants and witnesses rather than their personal reputations; they reorganized court jurisdictions into an unambiguous hierarchy; they increased transparency; and they adopted...

... and the United States in 1960. Rather, they constituted and constructed those borders as Afro-Cubans used government claims to reposition themselves within the new revolutionary state. Revolutionary discourses invoked examples of violence and discrimination against black Americans to contradict US declarations...

... history. This essay argues that such comparisons are based on a misleading characterization of Spanish rule in the metropolis and overseas. For some time, historians of Spain and colonial Spanish America have emphasized that the Spanish system of governance was highly negotiated rather than absolutist...

... experience; rather than restricting correspondence, mail circulated at unprecedented levels. To understand this system's rationale I focus on the figure of the correos mayores , who were responsible for the distribution of official information (or information of interest to the crown) within certain Spanish...

... commissioners and Indigenous peoples intensified the porosity of border spaces. Because commissioners believed that sovereignty was defined through monarchical loyalty rather than simply lines on a map, they contributed to the movement of people and goods across the dividing line that they intended to create...

... to frame them as ontological categories. I thus demonstrate that the ideology of mestizaje , rather than operating on societies that were homogenously indigenous, intervened, in multidirectional ways, into complex local hierarchies. 12. For example, see Eiss's comment about “a mestizaje that is less...

... of the interior. As a corrective to the column's dominant narrative and intervening in scholarship on myths more generally, this article reimagines the interior as both a place and an idea. The enduring symbolism of the backlands shows that exclusion, rather than a byproduct of national mythologies, is the pillar...

... to the rumors. Contrary to the claims of cultural and political elites, hearsay was not opposed to informed engagement but rather an integral component of it. As literacy, readerships, and political consciousness increased, so too did the efforts to understand and influence the news by talking about...

... earthquake's religious dimensions and perceived causes, the study concludes that the religious authorities of Santiago stand out in the colonial Spanish Americas for assigning fault for such a disaster to their city's elites rather than to its underclasses. 99. Barros Arana, 4:178–79. 100. Quoted...

... or protonationalist patriotism. These creole and peninsular “Mexicans” ( Mexicani ) certainly felt pride in their flourishing urban center of Mexico City and its dependent territories. However, this patria was analogous to early modern city-states, like the Duchy of Milan, rather than to modern nation-states, like...