...Madaline W. Nichols Sarmiento. Director de la Escuela Normal. 1842-1845 . [ Ministerio de Educación Pública .] ( Santiago de Chile : Imprenta Universitaria , 1942 . Pp. 192 .) Copyright 1945 by Duke University Press 1945 ...

... the export of primary commodities produced with the help of international capital and European immigrants. However, it is important to remark that this was also a period of monetary and financial normalization. The renegotiation of the foreign debt, the stabilization of the currency, and the greater...

... normalized by the military bureaucracy and activated by slave owners who subjected and maintained Reche-Mapuche men, women, and children in bondage. These documents were foundational because they could reproduce what purportedly happened in other documentary and oral forms and facilitated the circulation...

..., $28.95 . Copyright © 2023 by Duke University Press 2023 The long political history of the rural normales (teacher training institutions) has been dominated by recent manifestations of student teachers depicted in acts of flagrant resistance to the state and then further obfuscated...

... all social classes, the majority of them training to become public school teachers at this temple of liberal civilization, the Colegio Superior de Señoritas, Costa Rica’s first modern normal school. In June 1919 “yesterday’s slaves” were at the vanguard of the civic movement that broke the back...

... in Popayán. In 1874, for example, he forbade the normal school students to participate in the Holy Week processions. On learning of the decision, the Director of Public Instruction of Cauca asked the Bishop to reconsider the situation. Bermúdez answered that he was charged to defend the rights of Holy...

... with “revolutionary teachers” (pp. 220 – 21). By 1935, a wave of strikes swept the regional normal schools, demanding increased resources and a voice in the hiring and replacement of faculty. In some locales, demands included land redistribution, and in Ayotzinapa, Guerrero, a group of women organized to defend...

... in the interpretation of evidence. Perhaps the principal feature of interest in The Ancient Sun Kingdoms of the Americas is its adroit popularizing technique. But the author does not recognize the normal canons of scholarly writing and the work can hardly be reviewed by the normal canons of scholarly criticism. ...

... scholars who taught him at the Escuela Normal Superior in Bogotá as well as of later experiences in Europe, Jaramillo felt compelled to work within Western European scholarly categories and standards. Armed with his very substantial European intellectual formation, Jaramillo brought two innovations...