...: The courts changed the standards of evidence so that they gave clear preference to the empirical observations of the litigants and witnesses rather than their personal reputations; they reorganized court jurisdictions into an unambiguous hierarchy; they increased transparency; and they adopted...

... of the period immediately after a series of violent inquisitional acts in the mid- and late 1520s and late 1530s. The issuing of such an order by a member of the Tlaxcalan political elite is a clear example of a carefully implemented act of long-term indigenous agency, aimed at constructing and extending...

... political autonomy and acquiescing to state power. While previous scholarship has viewed Rojas's relationship with the revolutionary state as clear evidence of the MNR's co-optation of Bolivian peasants, the events of 1958 provide a powerful counterpoint to this narrative. I argue that crucial...

... deficient existing works on rural Spam were. His goal in writing this book was to present a clear introduction both to property ownership and to conditions of agriculture and stockraising in Castile in the sixteenth century. To do so, he sought to break with the current emphasis on local or regional studies...

... attempted, was not overcome—obvious, in the case of the Spanish and French of the two Latin groups, but also much evidence that even the “English” of the native Virgin Islanders is, in effect, a different language from American English in its connotations; lack of clear definition of some of the categories...

... of the author Costa Rican Protestants numbered only approximately 250 in 1864 and 40,000 in 1960. The successes and failures of this small group are ably sketched in this book and related to regional differences, Catholic reaction, governmental policy, and internal schisms. There emerges a clear outline...

... of the political and social groups that have promoted reforms and almost no discussion of the groups that have benefited from or been hurt by the reforms undertaken. Yet it is clear that the changing role of the state in the region has been made possible by coalitions of interests that have actively sought...

... important clubs, make clear that, regardless of the stereotype that fans of the former come from the lower socioeconomic sectors and fans of the latter from those that are better off, there was little difference between the clubs in their relationship with the regime. Both received aid from the government...

... and therefore the next president. While it was not clear if Gaitán would act as political conciliator to unite the Liberal Party or social agitator to divide it, the oligarchy could not “stand in suspense.” Gaitán himself was assassinated on April 9, 1948. Green concludes that, although it is not clear who...

.... Although Garavaglia offers no surprises here, the chapter is clear, precise and comprehensive. The second chapter, simply titled “Hommes et Femmes” (“Men and Women”), examines the demographic and social characteristics of the region. Maps, tables, and graphs, here and throughout the text, effectively...

.... Notes. Glossary. Bibliography. Index . xiv, 323 pp. Paper, $35.00 . This book is tightly focused on the legal and procedural activities that created land reform during and immediately after the Mexican Revolution. Baitenmann makes clear the importance of this early period and the need to take...

... decision-making processes in shaping immigration policies” (p. 8). But this statement is not sufficiently clear: Which empirical works are doomed? What complexities? Nor does Albarracín tie economic, cultural, and international factors to decision-making processes in a sustained, compelling analysis...

... de Abreu, Lisboa was also from the north, in this case Maranhão, and like his more widely read contemporary much of Lisboa’s training and writing was as a journalist. In fact, as Janotti makes clear, the fragmentary and unsystematic nature of much of his writing has contributed to his relative...

... whether this deeply felt conviction is the result of his long and intimate relationship with Spanish American political scientists and sociologists and the society of which they are a part or of the emphasis on the responsibility of the individual that came from his Judaic upbringing, but it is clear...

...: in their vigorous defense of their pueblos and in their attempts to lose the Spanish on the Great Plains. As we all know, these attempts were doomed, but Riley makes more vivid the dramatic aspects of the resistance. At the same time, he makes clear that differences between the Pueblos and problems with encroaching...

... governments, the World Bank and other institutions, and the U.S. government; and who the beneficiaries and the losers from export-led growth were. The third section examines the relationship between export-led growth and the crisis and portrays a clear picture of the policies instituted by these nations...

..., or ideology, they fail to substantiate it convincingly. The focus instead is on administrative and jurisdictional issues. In addition, several authors assert that the centralist experiment was essentially liberal, although it is not clear how that term is de ned. Roughly two-thirds of the volume consists...

... 2004 by Duke University Press 2004 Written in clear and comprehensible language, this book demonstrates that the perceived threat to U.S. interests in Latin America posed by the ambitions of the German Empire at the turn of the twentieth century did not correspond to reality. These threats...

..., but this assertion tends to muddle any clear perception of the possibility of a uniquely Mexican amalgam of Marxism with native populism. Lerner does not solve this problem, but she does help to clarify some of the questions. Does the failure of socialist education bring decisive evidence to the case against...