... has been Panama’s dissatisfaction with the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty which granted to the United States “the use, occupation, and control ” of a zone of land for “the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation, and protection” of a canal across the Panamanian isthmus. While the subsequent...

...Charles D. Ameringer Philippe Bunau-Varilla: The Man behind the Panama Canal . By Anguizola Gustave . Chicago : Nelson-Hall , 1980 . Illustrations. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Index . Pp. x , 472 . Copyright 1981 by Duke University Press 1981 Philippe Bunau-Varilla...

... for Panamanian scholarship. Although Castillero does not excuse Philippe Bunau-Varilla for his part in the 1903 treaty, he places a large share of the blame for it upon Panama’s “founding fathers” (Manuel Amador, Federico Boyd, and José Agustín Arango, among others). Castillero also comes very close...

... material. For this reason, he misses the relationship between Philippe Bunau-Varilla and William Nelson Cromwell, which one discovers in Bunau-Varilla’s papers, but not in his published works. In every other respect, however, McCullough is eminently thorough. The French, the North Americans, and the West...

... departed from Haiti. In Panama, however, New Deal diplomats seeking to alter the isthmian protectorate raised fears for the security of the canal. Military observers contended that the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903, which allowed American intervention in Panamanian politics, was vital...

...J. Fred Rippy From Panama to Verdun. My Fight for France . By Bunau-Varilla Philippe . ( Philadelphia : Dorrance and Company , 1940 . Pp. 277 . $2.50 .) Suez and Panama . By Siegfried André . ( New York : Harcourt, Brace and Company , 1940 . Pp. 400 . $3.00...

..., for example, the description of William Nelson Cromwell as an employee of Philippe Bunau-Varilla. I wonder, really, if we should not raise our standards and insist that even (or especially) young peoples’ histories cite sources properly and introduce their readers to the wonderful world of documentation. ...

... the accords as a “United States diplomatic triumph” (p. 206). LaFeber begins appropriately with the 1903 revolution but corrects the usual interpretation of Panama’s secession by observing the nineteenth-century origins of Panamanian nationalism. From the initial interpretations of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla...

... percent yearly return on their investment. Because of the large number of participants in the events of these decades, it is somewhat difficult to determine the precise weight that should be given to the activities of the New Panama Canal Company per se. Certainly, Philippe Bunau-Varilla played...

... Legend and the victimization of the Indian are overdrawn; Balboa and Drake are too highly personalized as heroes; and the unrelieved disapproval of Bunau-Varilla as the villain of the Panama Canal story seems unnecessary. ...

... and Phillippe Bunau-Varilla, backed by American armed forces, played leading roles. The resulting treaty gave us virtual control of the Canal Zone, with limited payments to Panama, while only slight compensation was offered to Colombia for her loss. Later, Woodrow Wilson sought to recompense Colombia...

... the builders themselves were involved in such activity, to wit: Ferdinand de Lesseps and Philippe Bunau-Varilla. Even so, the author spends as much time describing the techniques of drilling and excavating in the Culebra Cut and the production of stone for the “concreting” of the Pedro Miguel Locks as he does...

... have been illegal in terms of its basis in the ambiguous Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty and unconstitutional in terms of the manner by which the United States created the new zone judiciary. In either case, the conversion was virtually incidental, neither consciously pursued nor resisted at first, and never...

... believes epitomize the development and evolution of the canal enclave. Of particular significance is the chapter on the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. Here the author convincingly challenges earlier scholarship by confirming that the United States actually wrote much of that despised 1903 accord. In doing so...

..., revealing insights into the personalities and times about which he writes. In treating the post-independence era, he weaves new sources into a judicious and well-documented account. For example, in addition to the usual characterizing of Philippe Bunau-Varilla as rapacious, Mellander credits him...

... independence, the inequitable and immediately controversial Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, the monumental canal construction, and an influx of Anglophone white North Americans and black antillanos . Based on this analysis, Sánchez is cautiously optimistic about the future of that democracy in Panama. He finds...

.... 67 Latin American Division Memorandum to the Secretary of State, January 31, 1916, 711.21/715. 66 American Legation, Bogotá, received by Index Bureau, Department of State, September 17, 1915, State Department Papers. 65 Charles D. Ameringer, “The Panama Canal Lobby of Philippe Bunau...