... and Indigenous customs meshed to produce modern Mexican citizenship. This study examines the construction of Mexican citizenship through Zapotec people’s experiences with vagrancy laws. For Indigenous peoples, two forms of citizenship existed: a republican citizenship that was reserved for all adult males...

... the whole outskirts of town into a perfect brothel Here, First Nations people are constructed as dangerous in overtly gendered terms. ‘‘Vagrancy, filth, dis- ease, drunkenness, larceny, maiming, murder, prostitution, in a multiplied...

.... The decree of 27 August 1847 mandated that “vagrancy and idleness will not be permitted among indígenas.”14 Nor was force disallowed in achieving the objectives of the liberal state. Rather, corporal punishment became an accepted way to force “docility” and “sub- missiveness” on indigenous people.15...

... owners from advancing money to workers and formally ended debt peonage, he enforced vagrancy laws for those who did not work the requisite 100 to 150 days a year.12 Those deemed to be vagrants were 636 Walter E. Little ordered to serve...

.... For example, when the Ubico regime issued its 1934 vagrancy law aimed in part at ensuring laborers for the state and large landowners, it only applied to men. Ironically, women performed much of the agricultural labor on coffee fincas and other farms, but the state was blind to (or refused to rec...