...Christopher Heaney The question of why three centuries of Europeans failed to recognize Indigenous Peruvian excellence at trepanation haunts this reconstruction of those healers’ handiwork. Eleven elegantly written chapters, three co-written by colleagues in bioanthropology and neurosurgery...

... turned to bones: Aug 9, 1914: . . . Asked him if there were any bones or skulls around. He said “lots”, and asked if I wanted any. In six or seven minutes I had four skulls from caves under boulders. Two are regular; one is deformed, and one has been trepanned about 2...