Search Results for cacao

...Keith M. Prufer; W. Jeffrey Hurst Archaeological investigations at a mortuary cave in southern Belize recovered a bowl containing five cacao (chocolate) seeds dating to the fourth or fifth century AD. The context of both the burial and the cacao informs our understanding of the role of chocolate...

..., erasures, and marginalia. Three writing genres are identifiable, and the content of these writings has an unusual emphasis on ways to represent money and counts of commodities, particularly cacao. The Pipil demonstrated their independence from the Mixtec and Aztec empires through writing by using...

... and representations of choco- late reveals how it came to be seen as a flexible and potentially dangerous food in the gender and racial politics of colonial life. Chocolate in Ancient Maya Culture Cacao, both in seed form and as the basis of ritual chocolate beverages, played a central role in precontact...

... Spanish wine (60). Despite the fact that much of colonial society drank, colonial elites’ anxieties surrounding racial mixing prompted them to vigorously control the licensing of alcohol (67). Kathryn E. Sampeck and Jonathan Thayn investigate cacao usage in Central America and Mexico, tracking recipes...

... economy, particu- larly the advent of cacao cultivation? In other words, were blacks mainly brought to Costa Rica to perform labor on cacao estates? Certainly, the limited historiography on the subject supports this conclusion...

... textual sources over images. For instance, written accounts by Sahagún in the Florentine Codex are the only primary material used to contextualize the images at Malinalco, which include cacao pods. There is a missed opportunity to connect this either to the preceding discussion of preconquest chocolate...

... be identified in the Descrittione’ s treatment of themes such as native currencies (including cacao and its uses as a beverage) 13 and working tools and metals. 14 Finally, highly revealing of the Descrittione’ s direct textual sources is the description of native clothes, specifically of men’s...

... of locally, regionally, and globally important goods, most importantly textiles but also wheat, meat, cacao, and indigo, served to connect different regions of Central America to one another, as well as to colonial mining areas and global patterns of exchange. He also clarifies how repartimiento functioned...

... to that of their ancestors offered a sense of stability in uncertain times for high-status Mixtec households in Achiutla (chap. 11). Changes in food habits can be associated with the appearance of tripod vases indicating cacao consumption while the occurrence of comales suggests a varying reliance on tortillas and maize...

... for American nature and its products: he finds maize tolerable, but hates manioc, considers potatoes insipid, and (at least initially) regards cacao as pig swill. This account, then, gives readers insight into “the invention of America” by showing how one observer assimilated new lands and peoples into his...

... to harness them to colonial purposes. In increasing numbers and frequency, colonial directors, village leaders, and native oarsmen colluded in seasonal collecting expeditions for the mutual (if often unequal) benefit of all, gathering such things as cacao and sarsaparilla to sell on markets in Brazil...

... with the balamte (Roys 1933 : 36, 111). The balamte is a particular “wild” variant of cacao that is sometimes used as well ( Theobroma bicolor Bonpl.; Kufer and McNeil 2006 ). The chocolate drink is prepared with boiled water, and Betty Bernice Faust ( 1998 : 616) notes in the context of a contemporary Maya...

... Económica . Caso Barrera Laura , and Aliphat Mario . 2006 . “ The Itza Maya Control over Cacao: Politics, Commerce, and War in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries .” In Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao , edited by McNeil Cameron L. , 289 – 306 . Gainesville...

... ernannten Commission . Berlin : Duncker . Fernández Léon , ed. 1976 Indios, reducciones y cacao: Colección de documentos para la historia de Costa Rica . Vol. 2 . San José : Editorial Costa Rica . Floyd Troy S. 1967 The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia . Albuquerque...

... Thomas R. Jeffrey Hurst W. Tarka Stanley M. Jr. 2002 Spouted Vessels and Cacao Use among the Preclassic Maya . Latin American Antiquity 13 ( 1 ): 85 – 106 . Recinos Adrián 1947 Popol Vuh: Las antiguas historias del Quiché . Mexico City : Fondo de Cultura Económica...

... Yucatan. Elsewhere, however, as Caso begins to discuss the importance of cacao to the economy of the Indians of Tipu, she does properly cite Jones. As she continues to discuss the economy of Tipu, however, although citing other sources she proceeds to make a train of observations also to be found...

... Yucatan. Elsewhere, however, as Caso begins to discuss the importance of cacao to the economy of the Indians of Tipu, she does properly cite Jones. As she continues to discuss the economy of Tipu, however, although citing other sources she proceeds to make a train of observations also to be found...

..., “the kind they call a ship,” plying the inland waters between Texcoco and Mexico City with a cargo of cacao, other goods, and Spanish and indigenous passengers sank with a loss of all but four lives; these four survived by swimming to shore, while those who died washed up several days later...

... July 1607, a boat, “the kind they call a ship,” plying the inland waters between Texcoco and Mexico City with a cargo of cacao, other goods, and Spanish and indigenous passengers sank with a loss of all but four lives; these four survived by swimming to shore, while those who died washed up...

..., “the kind they call a ship,” plying the inland waters between Texcoco and Mexico City with a cargo of cacao, other goods, and Spanish and indigenous passengers sank with a loss of all but four lives; these four survived by swimming to shore, while those who died washed up several days later...