... Davenant, Nicholas Barbon, and Sir Dudley North argued for free trade and the relaxation of government tariffs, particularly as exercised against luxuries imported by the East India Company. Whig economic writers such as John Locke, John Pollexfen, Sir Francis Brewster, and John Cary continued...

... landed property to colonial financial capital. In chapter 4, Ahmed arrives at Adam Smith and finds an unexpected ally. We learn that the accepted view of Smith as the prophet of free trade has depended on some very selective and partial readings of The Wealth of Nations (1776), in particular...

... politics were formed to allow his stomach maximum range in its ingestion. He reviled barriers to trade and the free flow of commodities, damning the old mercantalist order for the imperial jeal- ousy that drove the creation of monopolies and restricted markets. He...

... signal virginal stature after having very successfully transitioned from primitive to sophisticated ultramodern mercantile activities. His spe- cialized free-trading in the Spice Islands, China, and Russia, undertaken without formal apprenticeship, duplicates some of the expertly managed enterprises...

... of sugar even before it became an article of mass consumption throughout England (Shammas, 81). Commentators with a vested interest in the British sugar production lobbied for the “free trade” they perceived in France, even though they claimed French consumers lacked the level of prosperity necessary...

... in the free trade of knowledge rather than commodities.8 While he often celebrates the life and writings of Voltaire, Lien Chi often looks beyond the “actually existing” cosmopolitanism of a Francophile aristocratic elite, and conceives of cosmopolitan fellowship...

... Porter demonstrates, the universalist and philosophical associa- tion of free trade with human development that runs through the eco- Cultural Difference in An Embassy to China, 1792–94   1 1 nomic writings of Defoe, Addison, and Adam Smith, and that Macartney and Dundas embrace, finds...

... for its government and its policies. His concern for Irish agriculture and manufacture, and for the right to trade freely, was notable and recognized by the West Indies’ Lon- don agents, among others, who sought his backing to promote the cause of free trade both in Parliament and more widely.18...

... of prosperity, free trade, empire, and, of course, civil liberty. In Lewis Namier (N.Y.: St. Martin’s, 1989), pp. 46–47, Linda Colley has succinctly defined the Whig version of history as “intensely nationalistic, concerned to celebrate Victorian constitutionalism...

... trading from the rest of capitalism, as everything became a “commodity.” (Rosenthal expects us to know already that commodity was slang for vulva in Restoration English.) “For writers as diverse politically as Aphra Behn, Bernard Mandeville, Daniel Defoe, Eliza Haywood, John Gay, Samuel Richardson...

..., although by no means exclusively female. The family trade is set in the context of women’s involvement in the luxury trades of eighteenth-century London, as both owners and employees. Copyright © 2018 by Duke University Press 2018 women work fans London trade...

... At its core, this book chronicles how, during an era conventionally associated with the liberation of the press and the emergence of free expression, the shadow of the pillory continued to loom over writers who dared to challenge the authority of the state. The arguments of the book may be stated easily...

... of society irregularity. More importantly, the act also stipulated that members of societies with- out legal settlement in the parish where they lived and plied their trade could not be removed, provided they could produce a certificate from the society...

... Great Britain has long provided a paradigm for analyzing the modern empires that gave birth to a Eurocentric international capitalist economic system. From the sixteenth century onwards, royal charters created trading and plantation companies, such as the Levant Company, the East India Company...

..., The Gentle Craft’s Com- plaint. Blaming the decay of this “noble ancient Trade” on high taxa- tion and the exportation of leather, the ballad eulogized the “Honour of ­Shoe-makers”—their readiness, as “brave Boys by free Consent,” to form combinations and petition Parliament—in the same language...

... and denounce (as the book’s title declares) “this execrable and fraudulent trade” [deezer verfoeijelyke en bedrieglyke Handel]. In the past, the sprawling, heterogeneous character of the book has proved a formidable impediment to readers who attempted to assess and to make sense of its dazzling variety...

... free-trade arguments” that fetishized Asian luxury goods; “It seemed shockingly profligate to hurl precious metal into the abyss for commodities such as porcelain, cotton, and spice” (Pilgrim Art, 54). Although Darwin does not address this issue explicitly, he would certainly have been aware...

.... As has already been emphasized, the inferior status of women in the trade in distilled spirits stands in seeming contrast to the relative free- dom with which they were able to drink. This, on the surface, suggests that the norms governing women in their access to alcohol in early Hanoverian London...

..., Stationers’ Company Apprentices, reports that he was made free of the Stationers’ Company in 1736 and further says that he traded from 1741 to 1762. ESTC, on the other hand, suggests that he was active from 1730 to 1762 (both dates approximate) and contains forty-four entries with How in the imprint...

..., intellectuals and mer- chants in this rapidly expanding Atlantic seaport that by the second half of the eighteenth century had become heavily involved in the slave trade, Roscoe created wide-ranging projects that provide an illuminating example of how commerce, education, and the fi ne arts could combine...