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Fig. 6 alt-text: Eight bar graphs showing the percentage of time spent working outdoors by working hours, among individuals in the PLFS sample with nonzero workhours, for the periods April 1 to June 30 in 2019 (top) and 2022 (bottom), by caste group.

The percentage of time spent working outdoors by working hours for individu...

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in Caste Inequality in Occupational Exposure to Heat Waves in India > Demography
Published: 01 February 2025
Fig. 6 The percentage of time spent working outdoors by working hours for individuals in the workforce. The sample includes only individuals who have nonzero average daily workhours between April and June reported in PLFS 2018–2019 and PLFS 2021–2022. More
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Fig. 2 Age-specific working hours as a proportion of full-time equivalent working hours (40 hours) from age 55 to age 64 by gender and region (western/eastern Germany) for selected birth cohorts (1941, 1945, 1950, 1955). Source: Microcensus, authors' calculations.

Age-specific working hours as a proportion of full-time equivalent working ...

Open Access
in The Extension of Late Working Life in Germany: Trends, Inequalities, and the East–West Divide > Demography
Published: 01 August 2023
Fig. 2 Age-specific working hours as a proportion of full-time equivalent working hours (40 hours) from age 55 to age 64 by gender and region (western/eastern Germany) for selected birth cohorts (1941, 1945, 1950, 1955). Source: Microcensus, authors' calculations. More
Journal Article

Maternal work hours and adolescents’ School outcomes among low-income families in four urban counties

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Lisa A. Gennetian, Leonard M. Lopoo, Andrew S. London
Demography (2008) 45 (1): 31–53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2008.0003
Published: 01 February 2008
...Lisa A. Gennetian; Leonard M. Lopoo; Andrew S. London Abstract We examine how changes in maternal work hours affect adolescent children’s school participation and performance outcomes using data from interviews in 1998 and 2001 with approximately 1,700 women who, in May 1995, were welfare-reliant...
View articletitled, Maternal <span class="search-highlight">work</span> <span class="search-highlight">hours</span> and adolescents’ School outcomes among low-income families in four urban counties View PDF for article titled, Maternal <span class="search-highlight">work</span> <span class="search-highlight">hours</span> and adolescents’ School outcomes among low-income families in four urban counties
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Fig. 1 Occupational share working 40+ hours weekly and estimated occupational wage returns to weekly work hours. Source: 2004–2013 American Community Survey.

Occupational share working 40+ hours weekly and estimated occupational wage...

Open Access
in Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood > Demography
Published: 01 August 2021
Fig. 1 Occupational share working 40+ hours weekly and estimated occupational wage returns to weekly work hours. Source: 2004–2013 American Community Survey. More
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Average annual parental work hours, 1967–2009. Shaded bars are recessions as defined by the NBER. Source: March Current Population Survey, 1967–2009

Average annual parental work hours, 1967–2009. Shaded bars are recessions a...

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in Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of Parents, 1967–2009 > Demography
Published: 19 September 2012
Fig. 3 Average annual parental work hours, 1967–2009. Shaded bars are recessions as defined by the NBER. Source: March Current Population Survey, 1967–2009 More
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Group-based pathways of women’s weekly work hours from ages 25 to 45

Group-based pathways of women’s weekly work hours from ages 25 to 45

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in Women’s Work Pathways Across the Life Course > Demography
Published: 21 March 2016
Fig. 1 Group-based pathways of women’s weekly work hours from ages 25 to 45 More
Journal Article

Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood

Open Access
Patrick Ishizuka, Kelly Musick
Demography (2021) 58 (4): 1249–1274.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9373598
Published: 01 August 2021
...Fig. 1 Occupational share working 40+ hours weekly and estimated occupational wage returns to weekly work hours. Source: 2004–2013 American Community Survey. ...
FIGURES | View All (4)
View articletitled, Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood View PDF for article titled, Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Women’s Work Pathways Across the Life Course

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Sarah Damaske, Adrianne Frech
Demography (2016) 53 (2): 365–391.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0464-z
Published: 21 March 2016
...Fig. 1 Group-based pathways of women’s weekly work hours from ages 25 to 45 ...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Women’s <span class="search-highlight">Work</span> Pathways Across the Life Course View PDF for article titled, Women’s <span class="search-highlight">Work</span> Pathways Across the Life Course
Journal Article

The Extension of Late Working Life in Germany: Trends, Inequalities, and the East–West Divide

Open Access
Christian Dudel, Elke Loichinger, Sebastian Klüsener, Harun Sulak, Mikko Myrskylä
Demography (2023) 60 (4): 1115–1137.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10850040
Published: 01 August 2023
...Fig. 2 Age-specific working hours as a proportion of full-time equivalent working hours (40 hours) from age 55 to age 64 by gender and region (western/eastern Germany) for selected birth cohorts (1941, 1945, 1950, 1955). Source: Microcensus, authors' calculations. ...
FIGURES | View All (5)
View articletitled, The Extension of Late <span class="search-highlight">Working</span> Life in Germany: Trends, Inequalities, and the East–West Divide View PDF for article titled, The Extension of Late <span class="search-highlight">Working</span> Life in Germany: Trends, Inequalities, and the East–West Divide
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

The Effects of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals on the Educational Outcomes of Undocumented Students

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Amy Hsin, Francesc Ortega
Demography (2018) 55 (4): 1487–1506.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0691-6
Published: 25 June 2018
... students to make binary choices between attending school full-time and dropping out of school to work. At community colleges, undocumented students have the flexibility to reduce course work to accommodate increased work hours. Overall, the results suggest that the precarious and temporary nature of DACA...
FIGURES | View All (4)
View articletitled, The Effects of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals on the Educational Outcomes of Undocumented Students View PDF for article titled, The Effects of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals on the Educational Outcomes of Undocumented Students
Journal Article

Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of Parents, 1967–2009

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Liana Fox, Wen-Jui Han, Christopher Ruhm, Jane Waldfogel
Demography (2013) 50 (1): 25–49.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0138-4
Published: 19 September 2012
...Fig. 3 Average annual parental work hours, 1967–2009. Shaded bars are recessions as defined by the NBER. Source: March Current Population Survey, 1967–2009 ...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of Parents, 1967–2009 View PDF for article titled, Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of Parents, 1967–2009
Journal Article

Fertility and Labor Supply Responses to Child Allowances: The Introduction of Means-Tested Benefits in France

Open Access
Nelly Elmallakh
Demography (2023) 60 (5): 1493–1522.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10965926
Published: 01 October 2023
... income, due to an increase in weekly working hours, is found to be comparable to the euro value reduction in benefits. Auxiliary regression analyses show that the fertility decline reflects a decrease in the probability of having an additional child for parents rather than in the probability of becoming...
FIGURES | View All (5)
View articletitled, Fertility and Labor Supply Responses to Child Allowances: The Introduction of Means-Tested Benefits in France View PDF for article titled, Fertility and Labor Supply Responses to Child Allowances: The Introduction of Means-Tested Benefits in France
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Boys, Girls, and Grandparents: The Impact of the Sex of Preschool-Aged Children on Family Living Arrangements and Maternal Labor Supply

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Ang Sun, Chuanchuan Zhang, Xiangting Hu
Demography (2019) 56 (3): 813–833.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00783-5
Published: 13 May 2019
... with the paternal grandmother is at least 8.6 percentage points higher if the firstborn is a boy. At the same time, maternal labor supply increases by 2.9 days per month. By contrast, for educated mothers, the propensity for coresidence is higher, the working hours are longer, and the impact of the child’s sex...
FIGURES | View All (4)
View articletitled, Boys, Girls, and Grandparents: The Impact of the Sex of Preschool-Aged Children on Family Living Arrangements and Maternal Labor Supply View PDF for article titled, Boys, Girls, and Grandparents: The Impact of the Sex of Preschool-Aged Children on Family Living Arrangements and Maternal Labor Supply
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Work, income, the economy, and married fathers as child-care providers

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Lynne M. Casper, Martin O’Connell
Demography (1998) 35 (2): 243–250.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3004055
Published: 01 May 1998
..., researchers should acknowledge fluctuations in the economy when studying husbands’ participation in traditional female tasks, as macroeconomic shifts appear to impact the likelihood of married fathers caring for their preschoolers during mothers’ working hours. 12 1 2011 © Population Association...
View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Work</span>, income, the economy, and married fathers as child-care providers View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Work</span>, income, the economy, and married fathers as child-care providers
Journal Article

Gender Pay Gap and Employment Sector: Sources of Earnings Disparities in the United States, 1970–2010

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Hadas Mandel, Moshe Semyonov
Demography (2014) 51 (5): 1597–1618.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0320-y
Published: 23 August 2014
... and pace of the reduction but also in the significance of the two major sources of the gap. Working hours have become the most important factor with respect to gender pay inequality in both sectors, although much more dominantly in the private sector. The declining gender segregation may explain...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Gender Pay Gap and Employment Sector: Sources of Earnings Disparities in the United States, 1970–2010 View PDF for article titled, Gender Pay Gap and Employment Sector: Sources of Earnings Disparities in the United States, 1970–2010
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Parenthood and Couples’ Division of Paid Labor: The Role of Prebirth Breadwinner Couple Type in European Cross-National Perspective

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Fei Bian, Luana Marx, Leen Vandecasteele
Demography (2024) 61 (6): 1819–1844.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11675596
Published: 01 December 2024
... Sociological Review , 22 , 533 – 560 . Andringa W. , Nieuwenhuis R. , &amp; Van Gerven M. ( 2015 ). Women's working hours: The interplay between gender role attitudes, motherhood, and public childcare support in 23 European countries . International Journal of Sociology and Social...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Parenthood and Couples’ Division of Paid Labor: The Role of Prebirth Breadwinner Couple Type in European Cross-National Perspective View PDF for article titled, Parenthood and Couples’ Division of Paid Labor: The Role of Prebirth Breadwinner Couple Type in European Cross-National Perspective
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

The Impact of “Parent Care” on Female Labor Supply Decisions

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Susan L. Ettner
Demography (1995) 32 (1): 63–80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061897
Published: 01 February 1995
... to a large, significant reduction in work hours, due primarily to withdrawal from the labor force. Although the impact of nonhousehold member caregiving was insignificant, evidence of an effect was stronger when commitment of caregiving time was greater. Projections of female labor force participation rates...
View articletitled, The Impact of “Parent Care” on Female Labor Supply Decisions View PDF for article titled, The Impact of “Parent Care” on Female Labor Supply Decisions
Journal Article

What Tears Couples Apart: A Machine Learning Analysis of Union Dissolution in Germany

Open Access
Bruno Arpino, Marco Le Moglie, Letizia Mencarini
Demography (2022) 59 (1): 161–186.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9648346
Published: 01 February 2022
...., woman's working hours, being married) also showed substantial predictive power. RSF was able to detect complex patterns of association, and some predictors examined in previous studies showed marginal or null predictive power. Finally, while we found that some personality traits were strongly predictive...
FIGURES | View All (6)
View articletitled, What Tears Couples Apart: A Machine Learning Analysis of Union Dissolution in Germany View PDF for article titled, What Tears Couples Apart: A Machine Learning Analysis of Union Dissolution in Germany
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Research Note: New Evidence on the Motherhood Wage Penalty

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Wei-hsin Yu, Janet Chen-Lan Kuo
Demography (2024) 61 (2): 231–250.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11218936
Published: 01 April 2024
... composition. Instead, the hourly gain stems from such mothers’ tendency to reduce working hours more than other mothers without experiencing a commensurate decrease in total pay. Unlike the fatherhood premium, the premium for late mothers does not lead to a real boost in income. References Abendroth...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Research Note: New Evidence on the Motherhood Wage Penalty View PDF for article titled, Research Note: New Evidence on the Motherhood Wage Penalty
Includes: Supplementary data
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Fig. 3 Predicted proportion of men and women working pre- and post-birth by occupation share 40+ weekly work hours and wage returns to weekly work hours. Predictions from fixed-effects linear probability models (shown in Table 2). Flexible occupations are defined as 1 standard deviation below the occupation mean in the share of those working 40+ hours weekly (0.61), and 1 standard deviation below the work hours wage premium occupation mean (0.63). Inflexible occupations are defined as 1 standard deviation above the mean in the share of those working 40+ hours weekly (0.95), and 1 standard deviation above the work hours wage premium mean (1.02). Source: SIPP, 2004 and 2008 panels.

Predicted proportion of men and women working pre- and post-birth by occupa...

Open Access
in Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood > Demography
Published: 01 August 2021
Fig. 3 Predicted proportion of men and women working pre- and post-birth by occupation share 40+ weekly work hours and wage returns to weekly work hours. Predictions from fixed-effects linear probability models (shown in Table 2 ). Flexible occupations are defined as 1 standard deviation below More