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Journal Article

Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap

Open Access
Brian L. Levy
Demography (2022) 59 (1): 293–320.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9710284
Published: 01 February 2022
...Brian L. Levy Abstract Do neighborhood conditions affect wealth accumulation? This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and a counterfactual estimation strategy to analyze the effect of prolonged exposure to neighborhood (dis)advantage from emerging adulthood through...
FIGURES | View All (6)
View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span>, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Inequality and the Racial <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Gap View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span>, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Inequality and the Racial <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Gap
Includes: Supplementary data
Image
Fig. 1 Black–White wealth gap by group-specific wealth percentile for the SCF sample (1989 and 2019) and the PSID sample (1984–1989 and 2017–2019). Estimates are weighted. All amounts are in 2019 dollars. The estimates are obtained by first calculating the wealth percentiles by race and then subtracting each Black wealth percentile from the corresponding White wealth percentile. The difference at the 50th percentile is commonly known as the median racial wealth gap (gray vertical rules). The left panels are scaled at $1,000, and the right panels are scaled at $1 million. White households at the left tail of the PSID sample have lower (more negative) net worth because they can more easily borrow unsecured debt.

Black–White wealth gap by group-specific wealth percentile for the SCF samp...

Open Access
in The Rising Importance of Stock-Linked Assets in the Black–White Wealth Gap > Demography
Published: 01 December 2023
Fig. 1 Black–White wealth gap by group-specific wealth percentile for the SCF sample (1989 and 2019) and the PSID sample (1984–1989 and 2017–2019). Estimates are weighted. All amounts are in 2019 dollars. The estimates are obtained by first calculating the wealth percentiles by race More
Journal Article

Sharing the wealth: The effect of siblings on adults’ wealth ownership

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Lisa A. Keister
Demography (2003) 40 (3): 521–542.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2003.0026
Published: 01 August 2003
...Lisa A. Keister Abstract Inequality in wealth has been well-documented, but its causes remain uncertain. Family processes in childhood are likely to shape adults’ wealth accumulation, but these factors have attracted little attention. I argue that family size matters: children from larger families...
View articletitled, Sharing the <span class="search-highlight">wealth</span>: The effect of siblings on adults’ <span class="search-highlight">wealth</span> ownership View PDF for article titled, Sharing the <span class="search-highlight">wealth</span>: The effect of siblings on adults’ <span class="search-highlight">wealth</span> ownership
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Educational rates by wealth background: Wealth measured as net worth (panel a) and home value (panel b)

Educational rates by wealth background: Wealth measured as net worth (panel...

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in Growing Wealth Gaps in Education > Demography
Published: 27 March 2018
Fig. 1 Educational rates by wealth background: Wealth measured as net worth (panel a) and home value (panel b) More
Image
Composition of wealth by parental wealth percentile for the pooled sample, 1987–2013. The figure presents within-cohort wealth percentiles of the male partner in the year of union formation. N = 803,185.

Composition of wealth by parental wealth percentile for the pooled sample, ...

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in The Wealth of Parents: Trends Over Time in Assortative Mating Based on Parental Wealth > Demography
Published: 24 August 2020
Fig. 1 Composition of wealth by parental wealth percentile for the pooled sample, 1987–2013. The figure presents within-cohort wealth percentiles of the male partner in the year of union formation. N = 803,185. More
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Union status differences in baseline wealth and wealth trajectories (in thousands) for women with a nonmarital birth (N = 1,131), NLSY79. An * indicates that the net worth value is significantly different (at p &lt; .05 or better) from either the baseline or over-time value for the reference group of single mothers who never partnered

Union status differences in baseline wealth and wealth trajectories (in tho...

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in Nonmarital Fertility, Union History, and Women’s Wealth > Demography
Published: 29 January 2015
Fig. 1 Union status differences in baseline wealth and wealth trajectories (in thousands) for women with a nonmarital birth ( N = 1,131), NLSY79. An * indicates that the net worth value is significantly different (at p &lt; .05 or better) from either the baseline or over-time value More
Journal Article

The Marriage Wealth Premium Revisited: Gender Disparities and Within-Individual Changes in Personal Wealth in Germany

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Philipp M. Lersch
Demography (2017) 54 (3): 961–983.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0572-4
Published: 21 April 2017
...Philipp M. Lersch Abstract This study examines the association between marriage and economic wealth of women and men. Going beyond previous research that focused on household wealth, I examine personal wealth, which allows identifying gender disparities in the association between marriage...
FIGURES
View articletitled, The Marriage <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Premium Revisited: Gender Disparities and Within-Individual Changes in Personal <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> in Germany View PDF for article titled, The Marriage <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Premium Revisited: Gender Disparities and Within-Individual Changes in Personal <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> in Germany
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

The Wealth of Parents: Trends Over Time in Assortative Mating Based on Parental Wealth

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Sander Wagner, Diederik Boertien, Mette Gørtz
Demography (2020) 57 (5): 1809–1831.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00906-3
Published: 24 August 2020
...Fig. 1 Composition of wealth by parental wealth percentile for the pooled sample, 1987–2013. The figure presents within-cohort wealth percentiles of the male partner in the year of union formation. N = 803,185. ...
FIGURES | View All (7)
View articletitled, The <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> of Parents: Trends Over Time in Assortative Mating Based on Parental <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> View PDF for article titled, The <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> of Parents: Trends Over Time in Assortative Mating Based on Parental <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span>
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Maternal Wealth Implications of Child Incarceration: Examining the Upstream Consequences of Children's Incarceration for Women's Assets, Homeownership, and Home Equity

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Brielle Bryan, Hira Farooqi
Demography (2024) 61 (6): 1845–1870.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11647937
Published: 01 December 2024
...Brielle Bryan; Hira Farooqi Abstract Qualitative research has documented mothers’ critical role in supporting adult children during and after incarceration. Yet, the implications of incarceration for mothers have been relatively unexplored. Wealth research has also largely overlooked the influence...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Maternal <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Implications of Child Incarceration: Examining the Upstream Consequences of Children&#x27;s Incarceration for Women&#x27;s Assets, Homeownership, and Home Equity View PDF for article titled, Maternal <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Implications of Child Incarceration: Examining the Upstream Consequences of Children&#x27;s Incarceration for Women&#x27;s Assets, Homeownership, and Home Equity
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Nonresident Parent Wealth Among Children

Open Access
Jake Hays, Paula Fomby
Demography (2025) 62 (1): 263–289.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11790542
Published: 01 February 2025
...Jake Hays; Paula Fomby Abstract Wealth matters for children's well-being. However, most research has considered only the wealth held in children's resident households, even though more than one quarter of U.S. children have a parent living elsewhere. We provide the first national estimates...
FIGURES | View All (4)
View articletitled, Nonresident Parent <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Among Children View PDF for article titled, Nonresident Parent <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> Among Children
Includes: Supplementary data
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Fig. 1 alt-text: Six box plots illustrating the distributions of nonresident and resident parent household wealth, overall and by whether the parent is married. Distributions are similar for nonresident and resident parents, and for both groups, married parents hold more wealth than not married parents.

Box plots of nonresident and resident parent household wealth. Plots exclud...

Open Access
in Nonresident Parent Wealth Among Children > Demography
Published: 01 February 2025
Fig. 1 Box plots of nonresident and resident parent household wealth. Plots exclude outside values. Median values are given. Distributions are weighted using the child's individual longitudinal weight. Source: 1984–2021 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. More
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Fig. 2 alt-text: Bar chart illustrating the predicted probability of nonresident parent–child contact by nonresident parent household wealth quartile. Darker gray bars display results from an unadjusted model, and lighter gray bars display results from an adjusted model. Children whose nonresident parent occupies the highest wealth quartile are slightly more likely to have higher levels of contact with their nonresident parent, although differences are not statistically significant.

Predicted probability of greater contact by nonresident parent wealth quart...

Open Access
in Nonresident Parent Wealth Among Children > Demography
Published: 01 February 2025
Fig. 2 Predicted probability of greater contact by nonresident parent wealth quartile. Analyses are weighted using the child's individual longitudinal weight and are clustered on PSID family of origin. The adjusted model controls for child's age, child's race and ethnicity, nonresident parent's More
Journal Article

Changes in cohort wealth over a generation

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Martin H. David, Paul L. Menchik
Demography (1988) 25 (3): 317–335.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061535
Published: 01 August 1988
...Martin H. David; Paul L. Menchik Abstract Empirical computation of expected wealth is hampered by two problems: mortality risks vary in the population and over time; and observation of net estates for most cohorts is truncated, as some individuals in a cohort survive the calendar date on which...
View articletitled, Changes in cohort <span class="search-highlight">wealth</span> over a generation View PDF for article titled, Changes in cohort <span class="search-highlight">wealth</span> over a generation
Journal Article

Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data—or tears: An application to educational enrollments in states of India

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Deon Filmer, Lant H. Pritchett
Demography (2001) 38 (1): 115–132.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0003
Published: 01 February 2001
...Deon Filmer; Lant H. Pritchett Abstract Using data from India, we estimate the relationship between household wealth and children’s school enrollment. We proxy wealth by constructing a linear index from asset ownership indicators, using principal-components analysis to derive weights. In Indian...
View articletitled, Estimating <span class="search-highlight">wealth</span> effects without expenditure data—or tears: An application to educational enrollments in states of India View PDF for article titled, Estimating <span class="search-highlight">wealth</span> effects without expenditure data—or tears: An application to educational enrollments in states of India
Image
Fig. 1 Boxplots of raw wealth, by race. Statistics are weighted by 2012 respondent NLSY79 sampling weights. Boxes identify the group-specific 25th percentile, median, and 75th percentile. Whiskers identify the 5th and 95th percentiles.

Boxplots of raw wealth, by race. Statistics are weighted by 2012 respondent...

Open Access
in Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap > Demography
Published: 01 February 2022
Fig. 1 Boxplots of raw wealth, by race. Statistics are weighted by 2012 respondent NLSY79 sampling weights. Boxes identify the group-specific 25th percentile, median, and 75th percentile. Whiskers identify the 5th and 95th percentiles. More
Image
Fig. 3 Median and interquartile range of wealth, by cumulative neighborhood disadvantage and race/ethnicity. Statistics are weighted by 2012 respondent NLSY79 sampling weights. Boxes identify the group-specific 25th percentile, median, and 75th percentile. Values are omitted where the sample size within the range of cumulative neighborhood disadvantage is less than 50. Values for other-race individuals are omitted due to the overall small sample size. IHS = inverse hyperbolic sine.

Median and interquartile range of wealth, by cumulative neighborhood disadv...

Open Access
in Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap > Demography
Published: 01 February 2022
Fig. 3 Median and interquartile range of wealth, by cumulative neighborhood disadvantage and race/ethnicity. Statistics are weighted by 2012 respondent NLSY79 sampling weights. Boxes identify the group-specific 25th percentile, median, and 75th percentile. Values are omitted where the sample More
Image
Fig. 4 Average adjusted predictions of overall wealth, by cumulative neighborhood disadvantage, based on estimates from model 6. Estimates span the 5th percentile to the 95th percentile of the distribution of cumulative neighborhood disadvantage. Estimates are combined across 10 multiple imputation data sets using Rubin's rules. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. IHS = inverse hyperbolic sine.

Average adjusted predictions of overall wealth, by cumulative neighborhood ...

Open Access
in Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap > Demography
Published: 01 February 2022
Fig. 4 Average adjusted predictions of overall wealth, by cumulative neighborhood disadvantage, based on estimates from model 6. Estimates span the 5th percentile to the 95th percentile of the distribution of cumulative neighborhood disadvantage. Estimates are combined across 10 multiple More
Image
Fig. 5 Average adjusted predicted wealth given change in cumulative neighborhood disadvantage from the group 95th percentile to the group 5th percentile (based on model 7). The race-specific 25th percentile and median wealth, respectively, are approximately $31,000 and $175,000 for Whites, $0 and $12,000 for Blacks, $500 and $48,000 for Hispanics, and $7,000 and $99,000 for other-race individuals. The race-specific 5th and 95th percentiles of cumulative neighborhood disadvantage, respectively, are approximately −2.3 and 1.3 for Whites, −0.7 and 4.9 for Blacks, −1.4 and 3.8 for Hispanics, and −1.5 and 1.7 for other-race individuals. Estimates are combined across 10 multiple imputation data sets using Rubin's rules. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals for predicted wealth given a change in neighborhood disadvantage.

Average adjusted predicted wealth given change in cumulative neighborhood d...

Open Access
in Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap > Demography
Published: 01 February 2022
Fig. 5 Average adjusted predicted wealth given change in cumulative neighborhood disadvantage from the group 95th percentile to the group 5th percentile (based on model 7). The race-specific 25th percentile and median wealth, respectively, are approximately $31,000 and $175,000 for Whites, $0 More
Image
Fig. 2 The average level of personal/equivalized household wealth (total net worth, in million yen) by age-group. The figure is based on calculations using data from the JPSC.

The average level of personal/equivalized household wealth (total net worth...

Open Access
in Are Married Women Really Wealthier Than Unmarried Women? Evidence From Japan > Demography
Published: 01 April 2022
Fig. 2 The average level of personal/equivalized household wealth (total net worth, in million yen) by age-group. The figure is based on calculations using data from the JPSC. More
Journal Article

Wealth and Divorce

Open Access
Alexandra Killewald, Angela Lee, Paula England
Demography (2023) 60 (1): 147–171.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10413021
Published: 01 February 2023
...Alexandra Killewald; Angela Lee; Paula England Abstract In the United States, wealthier couples have lower divorce risk. Wealth may stabilize marriage through its material value, especially by easing financial stress, or by providing symbolic resources, especially signaling that couples meet...
FIGURES
View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> and Divorce View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Wealth</span> and Divorce
Includes: Supplementary data