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Journal Article
Trends in the Motherhood Wage Penalty and Fatherhood Wage Premium for Low, Middle, and High Earners
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Demography (2018) 55 (5): 1663–1680.
Published: 25 September 2018
...Rebecca Glauber Abstract Many studies have shown that women pay a wage penalty for motherhood, whereas men earn a wage premium for fatherhood. A few recent studies have used quantile regression to explore differences in the penalties across the wage distribution. The current study builds...
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View articletitled, Trends in the Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> <span class="search-highlight">Penalty</span> and Fatherhood <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> Premium for Low, Middle, and High Earners
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for article titled, Trends in the Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> <span class="search-highlight">Penalty</span> and Fatherhood <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> Premium for Low, Middle, and High Earners
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers: An empirical assessment of the wage penalty for motherhood in britain, germany, and the united states
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Demography (2009) 46 (2): 341–369.
Published: 01 May 2009
..., and West German women around the 1960s. We establish wage penalties for motherhood between 9% and 18% per child, with wage losses among American and British mothers being lower than those experienced by mothers in Germany. Labor market mechanisms generating the observed wage penalty for motherhood differ...
View articletitled, Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers: An empirical assessment of the <span class="search-highlight">wage</span> <span class="search-highlight">penalty</span> for motherhood in britain, germany, and the united states
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for article titled, Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers: An empirical assessment of the <span class="search-highlight">wage</span> <span class="search-highlight">penalty</span> for motherhood in britain, germany, and the united states
Journal Article
Explaining the Motherhood Wage Penalty During the Early Occupational Career
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Demography (2012) 49 (1): 1–21.
Published: 26 October 2011
...Jeremy Staff; Jeylan T. Mortimer Abstract Prior research shows that mothers earn lower hourly wages than women without children, and that this maternal wage penalty cannot be fully explained by differences between mothers and other women in work experience and job characteristics. This research...
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View articletitled, Explaining the Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> <span class="search-highlight">Penalty</span> During the Early Occupational Career
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for article titled, Explaining the Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> <span class="search-highlight">Penalty</span> During the Early Occupational Career
Journal Article
Research Note: New Evidence on the Motherhood Wage Penalty
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Demography (2024) 61 (2): 231–250.
Published: 01 April 2024
...Wei-hsin Yu; Janet Chen-Lan Kuo Abstract U.S. women's age at first birth has increased substantially. Yet, little research has considered how this changing behavior may have affected the motherhood pay penalty, or the wage decrease with a child's arrival, experienced by the current generation...
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View articletitled, Research Note: New Evidence on the Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> <span class="search-highlight">Penalty</span>
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for article titled, Research Note: New Evidence on the Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> <span class="search-highlight">Penalty</span>
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Education–Occupation Mismatch and Nativity Inequality Among Highly Educated U.S. Workers
Open Access
Demography (2023) 60 (1): 201–226.
Published: 01 February 2023
... are a source of this inequality. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine nativity differences in the incidence and wage penalty of education–occupation mismatch among highly educated workers. The results demonstrate that high-skilled immigrants, especially those...
View articletitled, Education–Occupation Mismatch and Nativity Inequality Among Highly Educated U.S. Workers
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for article titled, Education–Occupation Mismatch and Nativity Inequality Among Highly Educated U.S. Workers
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
The new labor market: Immigrants and wages after IRCA
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Demography (1999) 36 (2): 233–246.
Published: 01 May 1999
..., with employers passing the costs and risks of unauthorized hiring on to the workers. Although available data do not permit us to eliminate competing explanations entirely, limited controls suggest that the post-IRCA wage penalty against undocumented migrants did not stem from an expansion of the immigrant labor...
Journal Article
Gender Segregation, Occupational Sorting, and Growth of Wage Disparities Between Women
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Demography (2020) 57 (3): 1063–1088.
Published: 22 June 2020
... , 2018 ), but they did not deliver a systematic analysis of how total wage differences between groups developed over time. Other studies focused on wage penalties (and changes thereof) in predominantly female occupations (Busch 2018 ; Levanon et al. 2009 ), mostly ignoring the rising wage advantages...
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View articletitled, Gender Segregation, Occupational Sorting, and Growth of <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> Disparities Between Women
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for article titled, Gender Segregation, Occupational Sorting, and Growth of <span class="search-highlight">Wage</span> Disparities Between Women
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Labor Force Participation Over the Life Course: The Long-Term Effects of Employment Trajectories on Wages and the Gendered Payoff to Employment
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Demography (2020) 57 (1): 33–60.
Published: 29 January 2020
... of economic and gender wage inequality. Further, given that employment pathways are differently distributed by gender—with men being more likely than women to hold steady, sustained employment throughout their careers—theories on gender and employment argue that the relative wage payoffs or penalties...
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View articletitled, Labor Force Participation Over the Life Course: The Long-Term Effects of Employment Trajectories on <span class="search-highlight">Wages</span> and the Gendered Payoff to Employment
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for article titled, Labor Force Participation Over the Life Course: The Long-Term Effects of Employment Trajectories on <span class="search-highlight">Wages</span> and the Gendered Payoff to Employment
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2021) 58 (1): 247–272.
Published: 01 February 2021
... ). As a result of the wage penalty associated with motherhood and the wage premium tied to fatherhood, the gender pay gap widens as men and women move through the life course. Parenthood is therefore a key contributor to gender inequality ( Angelov et al. 2016 ; England 2005 ). Corresponding...
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View articletitled, Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Penalties</span> and Fatherhood Premiums: Effects of Parenthood on Earnings Growth Within and Across Firms
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for article titled, Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Penalties</span> and Fatherhood Premiums: Effects of Parenthood on Earnings Growth Within and Across Firms
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2021) 58 (4): 1275–1300.
Published: 01 August 2021
.... J. , Binder M. , & Krause K. ( 2003 ). The motherhood wage penalty revisited: Experience, heterogeneity, work effort, and work-schedule flexibility . ILR Review , 56 , 273 – 294 . Autor D. H. , & Dorn D. ( 2013 ). The growth of low-skill service jobs...
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View articletitled, The Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Penalty</span> in Context: Assessing Discrimination in a Polarized Labor Market
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for article titled, The Motherhood <span class="search-highlight">Penalty</span> in Context: Assessing Discrimination in a Polarized Labor Market
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Employment gains and wage declines: The erosion of black women’s relative wages since 1980
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Demography (2009) 46 (3): 469–492.
Published: 01 August 2009
....29.010202.100016 Budig M. , & England P. ( 2001 ). The Wage Penalty for Motherhood . American Sociological Review , 66 , 204 – 25 . 10.2307/2657415 Women in the Labor Force: A Databook . ( 2005 ). Washington, DC : Bureau of Labor Statistics . Cancio A.S. , Evans T.D...
View articletitled, Employment gains and <span class="search-highlight">wage</span> declines: The erosion of black women’s relative <span class="search-highlight">wages</span> since 1980
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for article titled, Employment gains and <span class="search-highlight">wage</span> declines: The erosion of black women’s relative <span class="search-highlight">wages</span> since 1980
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Full and base algorithm wage gaps, wage gap difference, Medicaid group wage...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 April 2024
Fig. 5 Full and base algorithm wage gaps, wage gap difference, Medicaid group wage gap, and Medicaid group weight. This figure shows estimates of the wage penalty between legal and undocumented immigrants as in Borjas and Cassidy (2019) . We regress (separately in each year) the log hourly wage
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Journal Article
Demography (2021) 58 (4): 1301–1325.
Published: 01 August 2021
...% smaller reduction in work hours compared with planned births. Among Black women, in contrast, the coefficient for mistimed is nonsignificant and is at most 0.01 log points in any model. Among White women, we see little difference in the motherhood wage penalty by birth planning status, with one...
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View articletitled, Does the Impact of Motherhood on Women's Employment and <span class="search-highlight">Wages</span> Differ for Women Who Plan Their Transition Into Motherhood?
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for article titled, Does the Impact of Motherhood on Women's Employment and <span class="search-highlight">Wages</span> Differ for Women Who Plan Their Transition Into Motherhood?
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Children and Careers: How Family Size Affects Parents’ Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run
Open Access
Demography (2017) 54 (5): 1773–1793.
Published: 06 September 2017
... is affected by childbearing, selection into and out of the labor force may bias estimated effects on hourly wages. We complement the literature on “motherhood wage penalties” by introducing other career measures that are not conditional on employment, and we track these career effects over the whole 40-year...
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View articletitled, Children and Careers: How Family Size Affects Parents’ Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run
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for article titled, Children and Careers: How Family Size Affects Parents’ Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2021) 58 (4): 1249–1274.
Published: 01 August 2021
... following a birth and eliminate wage penalties to reduced hours. Studies could also leverage policy changes in European countries that provide full-time workers with the right to shift to part-time hours and eliminate wage penalties to reduced hour employment. Although the period surrounding...
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View articletitled, Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood
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for article titled, Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Educational Pairings, Motherhood, and Women’s Relative Earnings in Europe
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Demography (2017) 54 (6): 2331–2349.
Published: 30 October 2017
.... , & Krause K. ( 2002 ). The motherhood wage penalty: Which mothers pay it and why? . American Economic Review , 92 , 354 – 358 . 10.1257/000282802320191606 A. B. Atkinson , & E. Marlier ( 2010 ). Income and living conditions in Europe . Luxembourg City, Luxembourg : European...
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View articletitled, Educational Pairings, Motherhood, and Women’s Relative Earnings in Europe
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for article titled, Educational Pairings, Motherhood, and Women’s Relative Earnings in Europe
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Changes in Couples' Earnings Following Parenthood and Trends in Family Earnings Inequality
Open Access
Demography (2021) 58 (3): 1093–1117.
Published: 01 June 2021
... 2006 ; Ruggles 2015 ). In addition to these changes in women's employment, shifts in the motherhood wage penalty and fatherhood wage premium also have the potential to contribute to increases in spouses' economic homogamy, although evidence about change over time is relatively weak. Some studies...
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View articletitled, Changes in Couples' Earnings Following Parenthood and Trends in Family Earnings Inequality
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for article titled, Changes in Couples' Earnings Following Parenthood and Trends in Family Earnings Inequality
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
The Long-Term Costs of Family Trajectories: Women’s Later-Life Employment and Earnings Across Europe
Open Access
Demography (2020) 57 (3): 1007–1034.
Published: 23 April 2020
... century (Esping-Andersen 2009 ; Goldin 2006 ). However, women’s labor market attachment and earnings remain closely related to their family role. Mothers’ employment rates and wages lag those of men and childless women, even when work experience is controlled for. This “motherhood (earnings) penalty...
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View articletitled, The Long-Term Costs of Family Trajectories: Women’s Later-Life Employment and Earnings Across Europe
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for article titled, The Long-Term Costs of Family Trajectories: Women’s Later-Life Employment and Earnings Across Europe
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Women’s Short-Term Employment Trajectories Following Birth: Patterns, Determinants, and Variations by Race/Ethnicity and Nativity
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Demography (2017) 54 (1): 93–118.
Published: 04 January 2017
..., is a persistent “motherhood penalty” in wages (Budig and England 2001 ; Waldfogel 1997 ), which is in sharp contrast with a “fatherhood premium” (Budig 2014 ; Killewald 2013 ). Among the most important sources of this penalty is changing employment behavior after childbirth that results in a cumulative loss...
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View articletitled, Women’s Short-Term Employment Trajectories Following Birth: Patterns, Determinants, and Variations by Race/Ethnicity and Nativity
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for article titled, Women’s Short-Term Employment Trajectories Following Birth: Patterns, Determinants, and Variations by Race/Ethnicity and Nativity
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Educational Homogamy and Gender-Specific Earnings: Sweden, 1990–2009
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Demography (2013) 50 (4): 1197–1216.
Published: 24 January 2013
... and Germany . European Sociological Review , 16 , 349 – 365 . 10.1093/esr/16.4.349 Budig , M. J. , & England , P. ( 2001 ). The wage penalty for motherhood . American Sociological Review , 66 , 204 – 225 . 10.2307/2657415 Budig , M. J. , & Hodges , M. J. ( 2010...
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