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Journal Article

Employment gains and wage declines: The erosion of black women’s relative wages since 1980

Becky Pettit, Stephanie Ewert
Demography (2009) 46 (3): 469–492.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0061
Published: 01 August 2009
... 1979 to 2005. We investigate how demographic and labor market conditions influence employment and wage inequality among black and white women over the period. Although shifts in labor supply influence the magnitude of the black-white wage gap among women, structural disadvantages faced by black women...
View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> gains and <span class="search-highlight">wage</span> declines: The erosion of black women’s relative <span class="search-highlight">wages</span> since 1980 View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> gains and <span class="search-highlight">wage</span> declines: The erosion of black women’s relative <span class="search-highlight">wages</span> since 1980
Journal Article

Labor Force Participation Over the Life Course: The Long-Term Effects of Employment Trajectories on Wages and the Gendered Payoff to Employment

Katherine Weisshaar, Tania Cabello-Hutt
Demography (2020) 57 (1): 33–60.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00845-8
Published: 29 January 2020
...Katherine Weisshaar; Tania Cabello-Hutt Abstract In this article, we consider how individuals’ long-term employment trajectories relate to wage inequality and the gender wage gap in the United States. Using more than 30 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 sample, we...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Labor Force Participation Over the Life Course: The Long-Term Effects of <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> Trajectories on <span class="search-highlight">Wages</span> and the Gendered Payoff to <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> View PDF for article titled, Labor Force Participation Over the Life Course: The Long-Term Effects of <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> Trajectories on <span class="search-highlight">Wages</span> and the Gendered Payoff to <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span>
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Does the Impact of Motherhood on Women's Employment and Wages Differ for Women Who Plan Their Transition Into Motherhood?

Jonathan Marc Bearak, Anna Popinchalk, Kristen Lagasse Burke, Selena Anjur-Dietrich
Demography (2021) 58 (4): 1301–1325.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9295218
Published: 01 August 2021
...Jonathan Marc Bearak; Anna Popinchalk; Kristen Lagasse Burke; Selena Anjur-Dietrich Abstract Women's ability to control their fertility through contraception and abortion has been shown to contribute to improvements in education and employment. At the same time, their employment and wages decline...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Does the Impact of Motherhood on Women&#x27;s <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> and <span class="search-highlight">Wages</span> Differ for Women Who Plan Their Transition Into Motherhood? View PDF for article titled, Does the Impact of Motherhood on Women&#x27;s <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> and <span class="search-highlight">Wages</span> Differ for Women Who Plan Their Transition Into Motherhood?
Includes: Supplementary data
Image
Trends in employment, wages, and benefit replacement rates

Trends in employment, wages, and benefit replacement rates

in The Changing Safety Net for Low-Income Parents and Their Children: Structural or Cyclical Changes in Income Support Policy? > Demography
Published: 29 January 2018
Fig. 2 Trends in employment, wages, and benefit replacement rates More
Journal Article

Family life course transitions and rural Household economy during China’s market reform

Feinian Chen, Kim Korinek
Demography (2010) 47 (4): 963–987.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03213735
Published: 01 November 2010
..., nonfarm rural economy: involvement in wage employment, household entrepreneurship, and/or multiple activities that span economic sectors. With the use of data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS 1997, 2000, and 2004), our longitudinal analyses of rural household economic activity point...
View articletitled, Family life course transitions and rural Household economy during China’s market reform View PDF for article titled, Family life course transitions and rural Household economy during China’s market reform
Journal Article

Gender scripts and age at marriage in India

Sonalde Desai, Lester Andrist
Demography (2010) 47 (3): 667–687.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0118
Published: 01 August 2010
... regarding age at marriage. We explore the impact of three dimensions of gender: (1) economic factors, such as availability of wage employment, dowry expectations, and wedding expenses; (2) indicators of familial empowerment, such as women’s role in household decision making and access to and control over...
View articletitled, Gender scripts and age at marriage in India View PDF for article titled, Gender scripts and age at marriage in India
Image
Three line graphs showing total employment, average wage sum, and effective retirement age from 2025 to 2090 across three scenarios: baseline, high educational investment, and lowest-low fertility. Total employment follows a downward trend across all scenarios, starting below 2.5 million. The lowest-low fertility scenario shows the steepest decline, followed by the high educational investment scenario. The baseline scenario experiences the smallest decline, reaching around 2.1 million by 2090. In terms of average wage sum, the high educational investment scenario sees a sharp increase starting in the 2040s, diverging from the baseline scenario. By 2090, the high educational investment scenario reaches 1.09, with the baseline normalized to 1. Effective retirement age increases in all three scenarios, from age 63 in 2025 to about age 67 in the high educational investment scenario, and around 66.5 in the other two scenarios by 2090.

Employment, average wages, and the effective retirement age across scenario...

in Declining Fertility, Human Capital Investment, and Economic Sustainability > Demography
Published: 01 April 2025
Fig. 4 Employment, average wages, and the effective retirement age across scenarios More
Journal Article

The Motherhood Penalty in Context: Assessing Discrimination in a Polarized Labor Market

Patrick Ishizuka
Demography (2021) 58 (4): 1275–1300.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9373587
Published: 01 August 2021
... employer perceptions of conflicts between motherhood and job performance. This study reports results from an original field experiment in which 2,210 fictitious applications were submitted to low-wage service and professional/managerial job openings across six U.S. cities, experimentally manipulating...
FIGURES
View articletitled, The Motherhood Penalty in Context: Assessing Discrimination in a Polarized Labor Market View PDF for article titled, The Motherhood Penalty in Context: Assessing Discrimination in a Polarized Labor Market
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

The new labor market: Immigrants and wages after IRCA

Julie A. Phillips, Douglas S. Massey
Demography (1999) 36 (2): 233–246.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2648111
Published: 01 May 1999
..., with employers passing the costs and risks of unauthorized hiring on to the workers. Although available data do not permit us to eliminate competing explanations entirely, limited controls suggest that the post-IRCA wage penalty against undocumented migrants did not stem from an expansion of the immigrant labor...
View articletitled, The new labor market: Immigrants and <span class="search-highlight">wages</span> after IRCA View PDF for article titled, The new labor market: Immigrants and <span class="search-highlight">wages</span> after IRCA
Journal Article

Fertility Responses of High-Skilled Native Women to Immigrant Inflows

Delia Furtado
Demography (2016) 53 (1): 27–53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-015-0444-8
Published: 10 December 2015
...Delia Furtado Abstract Despite debate regarding the magnitude of the impact, immigrant inflows are generally understood to depress wages and increase employment in immigrant-intensive sectors. In light of the overrepresentation of the foreign-born in the childcare industry, this article examines...
View articletitled, Fertility Responses of High-Skilled Native Women to Immigrant Inflows View PDF for article titled, Fertility Responses of High-Skilled Native Women to Immigrant Inflows
Journal Article

A dynamic analysis of women’s employment exits

Diane H. Felmlee
Demography (1984) 21 (2): 171–183.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061037
Published: 01 May 1984
.... The findings also provide evidence of the interdependence of fertility and employment, with young children increasing rates of employment exits and with high wages on ajob decreasing rates ofleaving a job because of a pregnancy. Finally, involuntary employment terminations are examined, and their transition...
View articletitled, A dynamic analysis of women’s <span class="search-highlight">employment</span> exits View PDF for article titled, A dynamic analysis of women’s <span class="search-highlight">employment</span> exits
Journal Article

Employment trends of young mothers and the opportunity cost of babies in the United States

James C. Cramer
Demography (1979) 16 (2): 177–197.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061137
Published: 01 May 1979
... the relationship between changes in employment (including time cost) and initial employment level, and identifies the difficulties of theorizing about opportunity cost. 8 1 2011 © Population Association of America 1979 1979 Labor Force Opportunity Cost Wage Rate Time Cost Fertility Status...
View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> trends of young mothers and the opportunity cost of babies in the United States View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> trends of young mothers and the opportunity cost of babies in the United States
Journal Article

The Value of an Employment-Based Green Card

Sankar Mukhopadhyay, David Oxborrow
Demography (2012) 49 (1): 219–237.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0079-3
Published: 13 December 2011
... mobility of workers while on a temporary visa. In this article, we estimate the wage gain to employment-based immigrants from acquiring permanent U.S. residency. We use data from the New Immigrant Survey (2003) and implement a difference-in-difference propensity score matching estimator. We find...
View articletitled, The Value of an <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span>-Based Green Card View PDF for article titled, The Value of an <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span>-Based Green Card
Journal Article

Determinants of male labor mobility

Donald E. Pursell
Demography (1972) 9 (2): 257–261.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2060638
Published: 01 May 1972
... and in-migration rates lower. Labor seems quite sensitive to differential labor market conditions and would appear to flow toward markets where an economic advantage lies. One interesting interpretation of the negative association between in-migration and wages is that employment opportunities may expand more...
View articletitled, Determinants of male labor mobility View PDF for article titled, Determinants of male labor mobility
Journal Article

Intergenerational Power Shift and the Rise of Nonarranged Marriages Among Refugees

Andrew D. Foster, Merve Betül Gökçe, Murat Güray Kırdar
Demography (2024) 61 (5): 1427–1454.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11555087
Published: 01 October 2024
... by the fraction of Syrian refugees in the 2018 TDHS-S who originated from each province. Table 2 compares Turkey and prewar Syria in employment outcomes (panel A) and asset holdings (panel B). Employment and wage employment are available in the 2009 SFHS, but the 2018 TDHS-S measured employment only...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Intergenerational Power Shift and the Rise of Nonarranged Marriages Among Refugees View PDF for article titled, Intergenerational Power Shift and the Rise of Nonarranged Marriages Among Refugees
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Explaining levels of within-group wage inequality in U.S. labor markets

Leslie McCall
Demography (2000) 37 (4): 415–430.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2000.0008
Published: 01 November 2000
... explanations of rising wage inequality over time have little impact on within-group wage inequality when measured at the local labor market level: (1) industrial shifts and (2) increased technology and trade. By contrast, flexible and insecure employment conditions (e.g., unemployment, contingent work...
View articletitled, Explaining levels of within-group <span class="search-highlight">wage</span> inequality in U.S. labor markets View PDF for article titled, Explaining levels of within-group <span class="search-highlight">wage</span> inequality in U.S. labor markets
Journal Article

Immigrants, visible minorities, and self-employment

Paul S. Maxim
Demography (1992) 29 (2): 181–198.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061726
Published: 01 May 1992
...Paul S. Maxim Abstract Historically, self-employment was perceived as a mechanism whereby immigrants could circumvent discriminatory practices in wage labor. More recent research by Borjas in the United States, however, suggests that this view is incorrect. Immigrants, particularly members...
View articletitled, Immigrants, visible minorities, and self-<span class="search-highlight">employment</span> View PDF for article titled, Immigrants, visible minorities, and self-<span class="search-highlight">employment</span>
Journal Article

Employment and self-employment in the wake of Hurricane Katrina

Julie Zissimopoulos, Lynn A. Karoly
Demography (2010) 47 (2): 345–367.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0099
Published: 01 May 2010
... prospects in the wage and salary sector or new opportunities for starting businesses in the wake of Katrina. 27 1 2011 © Population Association of America 2010 2010 Labor Market Unemployment Rate Labor Force Participation Employment Rate Labor Market Outcome References...
View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> and self-<span class="search-highlight">employment</span> in the wake of Hurricane Katrina View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> and self-<span class="search-highlight">employment</span> in the wake of Hurricane Katrina
Journal Article

Employment Patterns of Less-Skilled Workers: Links to Children’s Behavior and Academic Progress

Rucker C. Johnson, Ariel Kalil, Rachel E. Dunifon
Demography (2012) 49 (2): 747–772.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0086-4
Published: 14 January 2012
... to examine how maternal employment patterns influence children, taking into account the considerable variation in low-income mothers’ work experiences. This variation reflects the experiences of mothers with positive trajectories that include stable work, good wages, and upward mobility; but also mothers...
View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> Patterns of Less-Skilled Workers: Links to Children’s Behavior and Academic Progress View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> Patterns of Less-Skilled Workers: Links to Children’s Behavior and Academic Progress
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Women’s Short-Term Employment Trajectories Following Birth: Patterns, Determinants, and Variations by Race/Ethnicity and Nativity

Yao Lu, Julia Shu-Huah Wang, Wen-Jui Han
Demography (2017) 54 (1): 93–118.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0541-3
Published: 04 January 2017
...Yao Lu; Julia Shu-Huah Wang; Wen-Jui Han Abstract Despite a large literature documenting the impact of childbearing on women’s wages, less understanding exists of the actual employment trajectories that mothers take and the circumstances surrounding different paths. We use sequence analysis...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Women’s Short-Term <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> Trajectories Following Birth: Patterns, Determinants, and Variations by Race&#x2F;Ethnicity and Nativity View PDF for article titled, Women’s Short-Term <span class="search-highlight">Employment</span> Trajectories Following Birth: Patterns, Determinants, and Variations by Race&#x2F;Ethnicity and Nativity
Includes: Supplementary data