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Unpaid Work

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Journal Article
Demography (2016) 53 (2): 365–391.
Published: 21 March 2016
... significant inequality in women’s labor force experiences across adulthood. We find two pathways of stable full-time work for women, three pathways of part-time employment, and a pathway of unpaid labor. A majority of women follow one of the two full-time work pathways, while fewer than 10 % follow a pathway...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Demography (2000) 37 (4): 401–414.
Published: 01 November 2000
...Suzanne M. Bianchi Abstract Despite the rapid rise in mothers’ labor force participation, mothers’ time with children has tended to be quite stable over time. In the past, nonemployed mothers’ time with children was reduced by the demands of unpaid family work and domestic chores and by the use...
Journal Article
Demography (1988) 25 (4): 537–552.
Published: 01 November 1988
... correspond closely to developments in four other countries (Canada, Holland, Denmark, and Norway) for which historical time-budget evidence is available. 12 1 2011 © Population Association of America 1988 1988 Child Care Domestic Work Unpaid Work Time Diary Housework Time...
Journal Article
Demography (2012) 49 (1): 151–174.
Published: 19 January 2012
... of children takes place. At lower births (parities), jobs of higher degrees of informality—unpaid jobs or jobs that are harder to combine with childbearing, such as working away from home or seasonal jobs with unpredictable schedules—are affected; at higher parities, all types of jobs are affected...
Journal Article
Demography (2022) 59 (1): 161–186.
Published: 01 February 2022
..., that women's employment does not have a negative effect per se, and that women's paid work becomes detrimental to union stability only if men's contribution to unpaid work within the household is limited (e.g., Mencarini and Vignoli 2017 ). In light of this, gender equality within couples in the sharing...
FIGURES | View All (6)
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2024) 61 (4): 1241–1265.
Published: 01 August 2024
... participation in both paid and unpaid work is crucial for family formation and relationship stability ( Esping-Andersen and Billari 2015 ; Goldscheider et al. 2015 ). Wives’ FWA use might also involve career or wage sacrifices, so husbands’ income might help compensate for the indirect costs of FWAs...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2018) 55 (1): 107–133.
Published: 08 February 2018
... representative data on how adults allocate time to paid work, unpaid work, self-care, and leisure (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015 ). ATUS data are collected by computer-assisted telephone interviews in which respondents report their activities in the previous 24 hours. Activities are coded according...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2007) 44 (1): 137–158.
Published: 01 February 2007
... , 290 , 2271 – 76 . 10.1001/jama.290.17.2271 Lundberg , U. ( 1996 ). The Influence of Paid and Unpaid Work on Psychophysiological Stress Responses of Men and Women . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 1 , 117 – 30 . 10.1037/1076-8998.1.2.117 Lundberg , U...
Journal Article
Demography (2003) 40 (1): 191–200.
Published: 01 February 2003
..., leave entitlements are associ- ated with increased leave taking or longer leaves, but the results depend on how we define leave coverage. Our results point to the limited impact of unpaid leave policies and the potential impor- tance of paid-leave policies. ne of the most pressing work-family issues...
Journal Article
Demography (1998) 35 (1): 83–96.
Published: 01 February 1998
... workers. The expected effects of the Not Unpaid Paid other variables are uncertain.' Variable Working Care Care Total Means of the explanatory variables are given in Table 4. Duration in StateThere are some large differences in characteristics among the samples occupying the different discrete states...
Journal Article
Demography (2006) 43 (4): 617–629.
Published: 01 November 2006
... ). “Gender, Time and Inequality: Trends in Women’s and Men’s Paid Work, Unpaid Work and Free Time.” . Social Forces , 84 , 285 – 303 . 10.1353/sof.2005.0126 Short , S.E. , Chen , F. , Entwisle , B. , & Zhai , F. ( 2002 ). “Maternal Work and Time Spent in Child Care in China...
Journal Article
Demography (1971) 8 (3): 307–317.
Published: 01 August 1971
... fertility level, as measured by the crude birth rate or the child-woman ratio. It is also hypothesized, but not confirmed, that the per cent of unpaid family work- ers in a society is positively related to its fertility level. A model is pre- sented that treats these three components of economic structure...
Journal Article
Demography (2023) 60 (4): 1115–1137.
Published: 01 August 2023
.... ( 2019 ). The polarization myth: Occupational upgrading in Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the UK, 1992–2015 . Work and Occupations , 46 , 441 – 469 . Ophir A. ( 2022 ). The paid and unpaid working life expectancy at 50 in Europe . Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2021) 58 (1): 383–391.
Published: 01 February 2021
... in context: Men's unpaid work in 20 countries, 1965–2003 . American Sociological Review , 71 , 639 – 660 . Hughes C. ( 2019 ). Reexamining the influence of conditional cash transfers on migration from a gendered lens . Demography , 56 , 1573 – 1605 . Kanaiaupuni S. M. ( 2000...
Journal Article
Demography (2023) 60 (4): 1005–1029.
Published: 01 August 2023
... of labor Motherhood penalty Labor supply Gender equality Despite advances in gender equality both in the labor market and at home, women continue to suffer from poorer labor market outcomes and contribute more to unpaid work within the household ( Bianchi et al. 2000 ; Blau and Kahn 2017...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2018) 55 (2): 535–557.
Published: 22 February 2018
... benefit from specialization. However, given the high instability of cohabiting unions (Copen et al. 2013 ) and lack of legal protections in the event of dissolution (Brines and Joyner 1999 ), specialization is especially risky for cohabiting partners specializing in unpaid work. A related theory...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (1988) 25 (2): 205–220.
Published: 01 May 1988
... and the type of child care chosen by working women, although they affect these two decisions in different ways. 30 12 2010 © Population Association of America 1988 1988 Child Care Nursery School Child Care Arrangement Unpaid Care Weekly Wage References Berk , L. ( 1985...
Journal Article
Demography (1983) 20 (3): 313–331.
Published: 01 August 1983
... sector of unpaid family work or subsistence agricultural labor (Dixon, 1975, 1976). As long as employment opportunities for women are largely restricted to unpaid family work or poorly paid jobs requiring limit- ed skills, there is not likely to be much of an effect on fertility. As development proceeds...
Journal Article
Demography (2023) 60 (3): 659–673.
Published: 01 June 2023
... , 55 , 2299 – 2320 . Craig L. , & Churchill B. ( 2021 ). Unpaid work and care during COVID-19: Subjective experiences of same-sex couples and single mothers in Australia . Gender & Society , 35 , 233 – 243 . Denier N. , & Waite S. ( 2019 ). Sexual...
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2014) 51 (6): 2307–2332.
Published: 21 August 2014
... of women’s day-to-day lives deserve particular attention: women’s participation in paid and unpaid work, and higher than expected mortality among female children. Indian women tend to have low rates of labor force participation (National Sample Survey Organization 2006 ). This low employment rate owes...