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Unearned Income
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Journal Article
Demography (2006) 43 (3): 537–552.
Published: 01 August 2006
... fills that void. The picture that emerges is that there is a small cadre of marginal workers who often do not work for periods of a year or more. The vast majority of nonworking men (men who do not work at all during the year) receive unearned income from at least one source, and the amount of unearned...
Journal Article
Demography (1994) 31 (1): 95–113.
Published: 01 February 1994
...) Location (D) Large urban Small urban Rural Health (D) Senior's health Good Fair Poor Husband's health Good Fair Poor Wife's health Good Fair Poor Senior's and Spouse's Unearned Income (in ringgit) Education (D) Senior's education None Primary Secondary Husband's education None Primary Secondary Wife's...
Journal Article
Demography (1995) 32 (3): 379–405.
Published: 01 August 1995
.... Families receive income from other sources beside labor earnings. Nonlabor income has risen faster than labor income over most of the past three decades. Unearned income may have become distributed more or less equally over time, reinforcing or offsetting trends in earned income. In addition, the structure...
Journal Article
Demography (2015) 52 (4): 1243–1268.
Published: 01 July 2015
... regardless of biological parentage, whereas these rights are guaranteed a married man (again, regardless of biology). This “transfer of children” to men in marriage could form the basis for a transfer in the other direction: that is, unearned income to the woman (spousal earnings being a form of unearned...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Demography (2015) 52 (3): 729–749.
Published: 06 June 2015
... for a family as the sum of its earned income and its private unearned income. For most families eligible for welfare programs, private unearned income is very small relative to earned income; most families have very little capital income and only miscellaneous income from other sources (e.g., child support...
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Journal Article
Demography (2005) 42 (3): 523–535.
Published: 01 August 2005
..., but this measure is somewhat more problematic in making meaningful comparisons because some sources of unearned income, such as dividends and interest, are likely to be "couple based." 5. Owing to greater home responsibilities, combined with the lack of adequate family policies to support paid work, women may have...
Journal Article
Demography (2013) 50 (1): 1–23.
Published: 18 September 2012
... is highly correlated with income (with values of r near .6), we are comfortable using multiple imputation for missing income. The CES includes measures of earned and unearned income as well as income before and after taxes. We use measures of final income before taxes after 1980, and the closest...
FIGURES
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2019) 56 (3): 813–833.
Published: 13 May 2019
... income gap in China. We then provide a theoretical framework and derive testable predictions. We start empirical analysis by presenting summary statistics and graphical evidence. We then describe reduced-form specifications, report empirical results, and provide interpretations. In the last section, we...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2014) 51 (3): 857–880.
Published: 12 April 2014
... more hours in the market and the woman to concentrate on home production) have been eroded (Becker 1981 ). The economic independence argument focused on specialization is less relevant to our interests in the effects of an increase in child support or other unearned income—a change...
Journal Article
Demography (2023) 60 (1): 41–72.
Published: 01 February 2023
... and excludes unearned income sources (e.g., investment income), which are infrequent in our sample. Survey respondents report all income sources except EITC for the calendar year before the interview year. The EITC refund amount is estimated on the basis of past-year earned income for the tax filing unit...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2019) 56 (6): 2229–2252.
Published: 22 November 2019
... that the compositional effect is small if not negligible. On the other hand, Xu et al. ( 2016 ) showed a clear association between immigration and the Gini coefficient of income at the state level. Yet the aggregate-level analysis did not distinguish earned from unearned income (e.g., transfers) or the impacts...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2004) 41 (2): 189–212.
Published: 01 May 2004
... available in each type of living arrangement (e.g., through own earnings, potential contributions from a partner, unearned income). BF and BN represent vectors of welfare benefits and policies under each arrangement. X represents a vector of personal characteristics, param- eters of taste, and other...
Journal Article
Demography (2009) 46 (3): 535–551.
Published: 01 August 2009
... might work in riskier jobs because they tend to have lower incomes and less wealth. The ACS does not have good measures of wealth, but it does have measures of unearned individual income and total family income. We ran the speci cations shown in Table 3 with an additional variable measuring either...
Journal Article
Demography (1990) 27 (3): 337–356.
Published: 01 August 1990
... of pension eligibility, self-employed workers must generally achieve acceptable levels of unearned income without employer contributions. This may delay the accumulation of savingssuch that a deterioration in health occurs prior to the accumulation of sufficient savings to finance retirement. Marital status...
Journal Article
Demography (1993) 30 (2): 227–241.
Published: 01 May 1993
... earnings. Insofar as low-income fathers file in order to receive their credit, they will not be lost to our sample; thus the problem is mitigated. The credit, however, is not available to those whose income is unearned (e.g. AFDC, SSI), so fathers with only these types of income definitely will be excluded...
Journal Article
Demography (2013) 50 (1): 25–49.
Published: 19 September 2012
... wages, salaries, business, and farm self-employment) and unearned (from interest, dividends, retirement, child support, public assistance, disability, Social Security, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), unemployment compensation, and veterans’ or workers’ compensation) income for all adult family...
FIGURES
Journal Article
Demography (1994) 31 (1): 33–63.
Published: 01 February 1994
... it is influenced directly by a woman's choice to work as opposed to bearing and caring for children." Men's value of time, household assets, and unearned income have more useful statistical properties, but lack the empirical regularity of the women's value of time and cost of contraception variables. Because...
Journal Article
Demography (1990) 27 (1): 31–53.
Published: 01 February 1990
... of occupation once these others are taken into account, four distinct measures of occupational characteristics are introduced in place of the standard occupational titles or Duncan SEI. Income is defined as total family income (both earned and unearned), allowing us to measure the "carrying capacity...
Journal Article
Demography (2023) 60 (5): 1523–1547.
Published: 01 October 2023
... and Müller 2020 ; Hout and DiPrete 2006 ). Education also influences social networks and relationships ( Huang et al. 2009 ; Mäenpää 2014 ; Savage 2015 ), political participation ( Gallego 2007 ), income ( Uusitalo 1999 ), and labor force participation ( Gesthuizen et al. 2011 ; Lahtinen et al. 2020...
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Includes: Supplementary data
