...Danielle Rhubart; Alexis Santos Abstract This research note presents a new perspective on the rural mortality penalty in the United States. While previous work has documented a growing rural mortality penalty, there has been a lack of attention to heterogeneity in trends at the intersection...

.... 2022 ; Tuckel et al. 2006 ). A second difference, related to the disease profile of the era, was the relative rate of mortality in urban and rural areas. An urban mortality penalty, in which urban areas had higher rates of mortality than rural areas, persisted through the first decades...

... on a restricted sample of counties that had a sufficient number of Black and White individuals to derive stable measures of mortality. Although the county sample represents approximately 95% and 76% of the national Black and White population, respectively, it reflects a slightly more diverse and less rural subset...

... al. 2007 ) and widespread in rural areas, parents may have a second child without penalty if the first child is a daughter. The prevailing view is that this policy reinforces son preference and exacerbates sex distortions, although in marked contrast to studies in the early 1990s (Hull 1990...

... Much of the gap is explained by the existence of a black urban–rural penalty combined with the fact that blacks in the North lived in cities but were primarily rural in the South. 21 IMRs in the North converged with those in the South as the urban penalty gradually declined over the course...

... negative association with poor SRH but is not associated with mortality or ADL limitations. Controls for prior health status operate in the expected fashion; past limitations predict future limitation and mortality. Table 5 Base models of association between children’s rural-urban migration...

... planning regulations, or statistically through manipulation of statistical records. We investigate underreporting of births in four rural counties of northern China, using data from a 1992 sample survey featuring a reproductive history. To clarify the mechanisms of underreporting, we focus on the ways...

... death from infectious disease. In 1900, mortality rates were higher in cities than in rural areas. By mid-century, the opposite was true (Haines 2001 ). As deaths from infectious disease fell, they made up a smaller proportion of total urban deaths. In 1900, a median 37 % of urban deaths were due...

... therefore developed as American cities grew during the nineteenth century (Haines 2001),5 as can be seen in historical mortality statistics. In seven states with good data before 1900, urban mortal- ity was 30% higher in cities than in rural areas in 1890. The gradient was much steeper for infants...

... children, followed in 1979 by a quota of one child only. In the mid-1980s, a pivotal loophole allowed most rural couples a second child if their first was a daughter, creating a norm of 1.5 children (Gu et al. 2007 ) that was enforced for a quarter-century through crushing financial penalties and other...

... ). 3 See D’Souza and Chen ( 1980 ) for an early paper on gender bias and sex ratios, examining excess female mortality in rural Bangladesh. 4 Recent work that has exploited the one-child policy as a natural experiment that induced a reduction in fertility include Qian ( 2009 ) and Edlund et...

.... 1998. African Mortality and the New Urban Penalty Health and Place 4:171 81. Grossman, M. 1972. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. Journal of Political Economy 80:223 55. Heaton, T.B. and R. Forste. 2003. Rural-Urban Differences in Child Growth and Survival in Bolivia...

.... In these models, social class is based on the highest class in the family for those people who are married and the individual’s own class for the single people. Table 2 Cox proportional hazards estimates of mortality at 30–89 years by social class in the main study sample: The five rural/semi-urban...

...............................................................................607–627 Mackenbach , Johan P . See Hendriek C. Boshuizen ...................................1259–1283 Madhavan , Sangeetha , Enid Schatz , Samuel Clark , and Mark Collinson . Child Mobility, Maternal Status, and Household Composition in Rural South Africa...

...Philippe Bocquier; Nyovani Janet Madise; Eliya Msiyaphazi Zulu Abstract Evidence of higher child mortality of rural-to-urban migrants compared with urban nonmigrants is growing. However, less attention has been paid to comparing the situation of the same families before and after they migrate...

..., and access to health services across residential areas. After we control for these characteristics, children growing up in the slums and better-off neighborhoods of towns show levels of morbidity and mortality that are not statistically different from those of children living in rural areas. Compared...

... in fertility among U.S. blacks was apparently not preceded by a large-scale decline in mortality as was the case with other populations. . . . it occurred while the black population was still primarily rural and agricultural and was located in a region of the country not undergoing significant...

... decade with support from development partners. However, poverty continues to affect many Malawians, especially in rural areas because of the lack of opportunities outside the agricultural sector, which contributes 30 % of GDP but is subject to environmental shocks. Following a recent economic downturn...

... the early twentieth century's urban-rural mortality convergence (MPC Working Paper No. 2020-09). https://doi.org/10.18128/MPC2020-09 Feigenbaum J. J. , Muller C. , & Wrigley-Field E. ( 2019 ). Regional and racial inequality in infectious disease mortality in U.S. cities, 1900...