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Journal Article

Household Composition and Gender Differences in Parental Time Investments

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Andrew J. Bibler
Demography (2020) 57 (4): 1415–1435.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00901-8
Published: 14 August 2020
... a transition from a two-parent to single-mother household. Boys experience larger investment reductions following the change in household structure, which may help facilitate previously documented gender gaps in noncognitive skills for those in single-mother households. Boys lose an estimated additional 3.8...
FIGURES
View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Household</span> Composition and Gender Differences in <span class="search-highlight">Parental</span> Time Investments View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Household</span> Composition and Gender Differences in <span class="search-highlight">Parental</span> Time Investments
Includes: Supplementary data
Image
Cumulative distribution of slaveholding by single-parent household status in 1880. The cumulative distribution of the max holding slaveholding measure is plotted for children in single-parent households (black) and children in two-parent households (gray) in 1880. Sources: 1880 Cherokee Census, Cherokee Freedmen Dawes Enrollment Cards, and 1860 Cherokee Nation Slave Schedule

Cumulative distribution of slaveholding by single-parent household status i...

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in Destroyed by Slavery? Slavery and African American Family Formation Following Emancipation > Demography
Published: 14 September 2018
Fig. 1 Cumulative distribution of slaveholding by single-parent household status in 1880. The cumulative distribution of the max holding slaveholding measure is plotted for children in single-parent households (black) and children in two-parent households (gray) in 1880. Sources: 1880 Cherokee More
Image
Maternal absence by cause: Children born into two-parent households

Maternal absence by cause: Children born into two-parent households

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in Childhood Risk of Parental Absence in Tanzania > Demography
Published: 29 July 2015
Fig. 1 Maternal absence by cause: Children born into two-parent households More
Image
Paternal absence by cause: Children born into two-parent households

Paternal absence by cause: Children born into two-parent households

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in Childhood Risk of Parental Absence in Tanzania > Demography
Published: 29 July 2015
Fig. 2 Paternal absence by cause: Children born into two-parent households More
Journal Article

Growing Parental Economic Power in Parent–Adult Child Households: Coresidence and Financial Dependency in the United States, 1960–2010

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Joan R. Kahn, Frances Goldscheider, Javier García-Manglano
Demography (2013) 50 (4): 1449–1475.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0196-2
Published: 21 February 2013
...Joan R. Kahn; Frances Goldscheider; Javier García-Manglano Abstract Research on coresidence between parents and their adult children in the United States has challenged the myth that elders are the primary beneficiaries, instead showing that intergenerationally extended households generally benefit...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Growing <span class="search-highlight">Parental</span> Economic Power in <span class="search-highlight">Parent</span>–Adult Child <span class="search-highlight">Households</span>: Coresidence and Financial Dependency in the United States, 1960–2010 View PDF for article titled, Growing <span class="search-highlight">Parental</span> Economic Power in <span class="search-highlight">Parent</span>–Adult Child <span class="search-highlight">Households</span>: Coresidence and Financial Dependency in the United States, 1960–2010
Includes: Supplementary data
Image
Fig. 1 alt-text: Six box plots illustrating the distributions of nonresident and resident parent household wealth, overall and by whether the parent is married. Distributions are similar for nonresident and resident parents, and for both groups, married parents hold more wealth than not married parents.

Box plots of nonresident and resident parent household wealth. Plots exclud...

Open Access
in Nonresident Parent Wealth Among Children > Demography
Published: 01 February 2025
Fig. 1 Box plots of nonresident and resident parent household wealth. Plots exclude outside values. Median values are given. Distributions are weighted using the child's individual longitudinal weight. Source: 1984–2021 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. More
Image
Relationship between current and parents’ household wealth by skin color. The figure shows the resulting OLS estimates of the relationship between the percentile wealth ranking of adults (y-axis) and the percentile ranking of their parents (x-axis) for three skin tone groups. Based on the regression analysis, three groups were formed, with similar results: white (PERLA 1–3), light and medium brown (PERLA 4–5), and brown and dark brown (PERLA 6–11). Estimates from OLS regressions are reported for each group. Confidence intervals are at the 90 % level. The slopes for the white, brown, and dark brown groups are 0.36 (SE = 0.05), 0.43 (SE = 0.02), and 0.39 (SE = 0.03), respectively.

Relationship between current and parents’ household wealth by skin color. T...

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in Skin Color and Social Mobility: Evidence From Mexico > Demography
Published: 08 November 2018
Fig. 3 Relationship between current and parents’ household wealth by skin color. The figure shows the resulting OLS estimates of the relationship between the percentile wealth ranking of adults ( y -axis) and the percentile ranking of their parents ( x -axis) for three skin tone groups. Based More
Journal Article

Destroyed by Slavery? Slavery and African American Family Formation Following Emancipation

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Melinda C. Miller
Demography (2018) 55 (5): 1587–1609.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0711-6
Published: 14 September 2018
...Fig. 1 Cumulative distribution of slaveholding by single-parent household status in 1880. The cumulative distribution of the max holding slaveholding measure is plotted for children in single-parent households (black) and children in two-parent households (gray) in 1880. Sources: 1880 Cherokee...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Destroyed by Slavery? Slavery and African American Family Formation Following Emancipation View PDF for article titled, Destroyed by Slavery? Slavery and African American Family Formation Following Emancipation
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Gender Inequality Reinforced: The Impact of a Child's Health Shock on Parents' Labor Market Trajectories

Open Access
Maria Vaalavuo, Henri Salokangas, Ossi Tahvonen
Demography (2023) 60 (4): 1005–1029.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10828906
Published: 01 August 2023
... a child falls ill and demonstrating the effects of child health on gender inequality in two-parent households. Part of the heterogeneity related to cancer types might stem from survival differences. Although cancer-related mortality in childhood is relatively rare (16.5% in a five-year follow-up in our...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Gender Inequality Reinforced: The Impact of a Child&#x27;s Health Shock on <span class="search-highlight">Parents</span>&#x27; Labor Market Trajectories View PDF for article titled, Gender Inequality Reinforced: The Impact of a Child&#x27;s Health Shock on <span class="search-highlight">Parents</span>&#x27; Labor Market Trajectories
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of Parents, 1967–2009

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Liana Fox, Wen-Jui Han, Christopher Ruhm, Jane Waldfogel
Demography (2013) 50 (1): 25–49.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0138-4
Published: 19 September 2012
... but not for those in lone-parent households. Time use data from 1975 and 2003–2008 reveal that working parents spend less time engaged in primary childcare than their counterparts without jobs but more than employed peers in previous cohorts. Analysis of 2004 work schedule data suggests that non-daytime work...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of <span class="search-highlight">Parents</span>, 1967–2009 View PDF for article titled, Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of <span class="search-highlight">Parents</span>, 1967–2009
Journal Article

Childhood Risk of Parental Absence in Tanzania

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Lauren Gaydosh
Demography (2015) 52 (4): 1121–1146.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-015-0411-4
Published: 29 July 2015
...Fig. 1 Maternal absence by cause: Children born into two-parent households ...
FIGURES | View All (5)
View articletitled, Childhood Risk of <span class="search-highlight">Parental</span> Absence in Tanzania View PDF for article titled, Childhood Risk of <span class="search-highlight">Parental</span> Absence in Tanzania
Journal Article

Redefining Single-Parent Families: Cohabitation and Changing Family Reality

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Larry L. Bumpass, R. Kelly Raley
Demography (1995) 32 (1): 97–109.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061899
Published: 01 February 1995
... parents while in their parents’ household. Hence we argue that definitions of single-parent families must be based on living arrangements rather than on the parents’ marital status. 12 1 2011 © Population Association of America 1995 1995 Single Mother Marriage Rate Parental Household...
View articletitled, Redefining Single-<span class="search-highlight">Parent</span> Families: Cohabitation and Changing Family Reality View PDF for article titled, Redefining Single-<span class="search-highlight">Parent</span> Families: Cohabitation and Changing Family Reality
Journal Article

The demographic context of recent change in the structure of American households

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Lawrence L. Santi
Demography (1988) 25 (4): 509–519.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061318
Published: 01 November 1988
...Lawrence L. Santi Abstract This article examines recent changes in the structure of American households within the context of broad population changes. Decreases in married-couple households and increases in single-parent households are almost entirely due to the changing patterns of marriage...
View articletitled, The demographic context of recent change in the structure of American <span class="search-highlight">households</span> View PDF for article titled, The demographic context of recent change in the structure of American <span class="search-highlight">households</span>
Journal Article

Places of Persistence: Slavery and the Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States

Open Access
Thor Berger
Demography (2018) 55 (4): 1547–1565.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0693-4
Published: 03 July 2018
... living in single-parent households, is seemingly the most relevant to understand why it still shapes the geography of opportunity in the United States. References Aaronson D. , &amp; Mazumder B. ( 2008 ). Intergenerational economic mobility in the United States, 1940 to 2000 . Journal...
FIGURES | View All (4)
View articletitled, Places of Persistence: Slavery and the Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States View PDF for article titled, Places of Persistence: Slavery and the Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States
Journal Article

Gendered Diverging Destinies: Changing Family Structures and the Reproduction of Educational Inequalities Among Sons and Daughters in the United States

Open Access
Diederik Boertien, Fabrizio Bernardi
Demography (2022) 59 (1): 111–136.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9612710
Published: 01 February 2022
...Diederik Boertien; Fabrizio Bernardi Abstract The prevalence of nontraditional family structures has increased over time, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Because children's socioeconomic attainments are positively associated with growing up in a two-parent household...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Gendered Diverging Destinies: Changing Family Structures and the Reproduction of Educational Inequalities Among Sons and Daughters in the United States View PDF for article titled, Gendered Diverging Destinies: Changing Family Structures and the Reproduction of Educational Inequalities Among Sons and Daughters in the United States
Includes: Supplementary data
Image
Proportion of investments from father. This figure displays the proportion of total parental investments that come from paternal investments by age for four groups: (1) Boys, same household are boys in a two-parent household in Waves 2/3; (2) Boys, change household are boys in a single-mother household in Waves 2/3; (3) Girls, same household are girls in a two-parent household in Waves 2/3; and (4) Girls, change household are girls in a single-mother household in Waves 2/3. All observations were in a two-parent household in Wave 1. The sample is restricted to those who were in a two-parent household in the first CDS wave and have at least one observation in the second or third wave in either a two-parent or single-mother household. Proportions are calculated from the total weekly investment measures, such that the proportion of total time in paternal investments is equal to the total weekly paternal investment divided by the sum of the total weekly paternal and maternal investments. Investments from all three CDS waves are included. The total parental investment is the sum of the maternal and paternal investments, so the proportion of investments that come from the mother are the complements of the lines displayed in this graph.

Proportion of investments from father. This figure displays the proportion ...

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in Household Composition and Gender Differences in Parental Time Investments > Demography
Published: 14 August 2020
Fig. 3 Proportion of investments from father. This figure displays the proportion of total parental investments that come from paternal investments by age for four groups: (1) Boys, same household are boys in a two-parent household in Waves 2/3; (2) Boys, change household are boys More
Image
Weekly maternal investments by age. This figure displays locally smoothed means of weekly maternal investments by age for four groups: (1) Boys, same household are boys in a two-parent household in Waves 2/3; (2) Boys, change household are boys in a single-mother household in Waves 2/3; (3) Girls, same household are girls in a two-parent household in Waves 2/3; and (4) Girls, change household are girls in a single-mother household in Waves 2/3. All observations were in a two-parent household in Wave 1. Each line is a local polynomial estimated with degree 0 and using the Epanachenikov kernel, implemented using lpoly in Stata with default settings. The sample is restricted to those who were in a two-parent household in the first CDS wave and have at least one observation in the second or third wave in either a two-parent or single-mother household. Investments are calculated from the 24-hour CDS time diaries.

Weekly maternal investments by age. This figure displays locally smoothed m...

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in Household Composition and Gender Differences in Parental Time Investments > Demography
Published: 14 August 2020
Fig. 1 Weekly maternal investments by age. This figure displays locally smoothed means of weekly maternal investments by age for four groups: (1) Boys, same household are boys in a two-parent household in Waves 2/3; (2) Boys, change household are boys in a single-mother household in Waves 2 More
Image
Weekly paternal investments by age. This figure displays local polynomials of weekly paternal investments by age for four groups: (1) Boys, same household are boys in a two-parent household in Waves 2/3; (2) Boys, change household are boys in a single-mother household in Waves 2/3; (3) Girls, same household are girls in a two-parent household in Waves 2/3; and (4) Girls, change household are girls a single-mother household in Waves 2/3. All observations were in a two-parent household in Wave 1. Each line is a local polynomial estimated with degree 0 and using the Epanachenikov kernel, implemented using lpoly in Stata with default settings. The sample is restricted to those who were in a two-parent household in the first CDS wave and have at least one observation in the second or third wave in either a two-parent or single-mother household. Investments are calculated from the 24-hour CDS time diaries.

Weekly paternal investments by age. This figure displays local polynomials ...

Available to Purchase
in Household Composition and Gender Differences in Parental Time Investments > Demography
Published: 14 August 2020
Fig. 2 Weekly paternal investments by age. This figure displays local polynomials of weekly paternal investments by age for four groups: (1) Boys, same household are boys in a two-parent household in Waves 2/3; (2) Boys, change household are boys in a single-mother household in Waves 2/3; (3 More
Journal Article

Nonresident Parent Wealth Among Children

Open Access
Jake Hays, Paula Fomby
Demography (2025) 62 (1): 263–289.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11790542
Published: 01 February 2025
...Fig. 1 Box plots of nonresident and resident parent household wealth. Plots exclude outside values. Median values are given. Distributions are weighted using the child's individual longitudinal weight. Source: 1984–2021 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. ...
FIGURES | View All (4)
View articletitled, Nonresident <span class="search-highlight">Parent</span> Wealth Among Children View PDF for article titled, Nonresident <span class="search-highlight">Parent</span> Wealth Among Children
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Investing in Children: Changes in Parental Spending on Children, 1972–2007

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Sabino Kornrich, Frank Furstenberg
Demography (2013) 50 (1): 1–23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0146-4
Published: 18 September 2012
...Sabino Kornrich; Frank Furstenberg Abstract Parental spending on children is often presumed to be one of the main ways that parents invest in children and a main reason why children from wealthier households are advantaged. Yet, although research has tracked changes in the other main form...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Investing in Children: Changes in <span class="search-highlight">Parental</span> Spending on Children, 1972–2007 View PDF for article titled, Investing in Children: Changes in <span class="search-highlight">Parental</span> Spending on Children, 1972–2007
Includes: Supplementary data