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Lower- and middle-income countries
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Journal Article
Demography (2022) 59 (2): 653–684.
Published: 01 April 2022
... violence (IPV) across 10 low- and middle-income countries. Findings show that women's ownership of mobile phones is associated with a 9%–12% decreased likelihood of emotional, physical, and sexual violence over the previous 12 months, even after controlling for characteristics proxying for socioeconomic...
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Journal Article
Demography (2019) 56 (5): 1765–1790.
Published: 07 October 2019
..., we included women who were at least 18 or 19 years old when the survey was conducted in Malawi and Uganda, respectively. The percentage of women who continue their studies after age 18 or 19 is lower than 15 % in both countries (see the online appendix for calculations). In addition, we excluded all...
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Journal Article
Demography (2021) 58 (4): 1401–1421.
Published: 01 August 2021
... invest more in their children's human capital than lower-income parents do, which in turn creates a positive correlation between the social-economic outcomes for parents and children ( Borjas 2010 ). As such, the human capital accumulation process is intergenerational. In most developing countries, human...
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Journal Article
Demography (2014) 51 (1): 299–315.
Published: 04 December 2013
... % Δln k it 13.08 % 1.29 % Lower Middle-Income Countries ( N = 32) (Δln L it – Δln N it ) 3.33 % 0.67 % (Δln L it – Δln W it ) 2.07 % 0.41 % (Δln W it – Δln N it ) 2.07 % 0.41 % ln( L it / N it ) 5.05 % 0.18 % ln( L it / W it ) 2.18...
Journal Article
Demography (2024) 61 (6): 1699–1714.
Published: 01 December 2024
... maternity leave for teacher–mothers in Vietnam can impact their children's education and disability status. The present study makes two contributions to the literature related to the impact of maternity leave. First, it provides empirical evidence for a lower-middle-income country. Empirical evidence...
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Journal Article
Demography (2019) 56 (1): 367–390.
Published: 28 November 2018
... differ between countries and therefore may influence the average test scores of all children there. What is relevant for understanding gaps in test scores, however, is how resources in the higher- and lower-income groups compare within country with those available to families in the middle reference...
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Journal Article
Demography (2016) 53 (4): 1051–1084.
Published: 08 July 2016
... of neighborhoods has important effects on their residents, especially for children. Disadvantaged children who grow up in impoverished neighborhoods have much lower incomes than adults than similar children who grow up in more affluent neighborhoods—30 % lower in a recent analysis of American children...
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Journal Article
Demography (2011) 48 (2): 653–674.
Published: 14 April 2011
... other low- and middle-income countries not included in the sample. Additionally, the same tests within the six regions defined by WHO (see Table 5 ) showed significant differences in GDP means only for Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia, the WHS countries have a somewhat lower GDP...
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Journal Article
Demography (1965) 2 (1): 140–186.
Published: 01 March 1965
.... It then dropped to 48 in 1956 and to 44 in 1958- 59. The two main cities of Cairo and Alex- andria again had a definitely lower level of crude birth rate, in the years preceding the second World War, than the rest of the country. The two cities had an average rate equal to about 42 during that period...
Journal Article
Demography (2004) 41 (4): 607–627.
Published: 01 November 2004
...%. INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS Given that the changes associated with the second demographic transition are common to all Western countries, one may expect to find similar disparities in other countries. At the same time, there are reasons to expect the patterns to be different. Marriage rates are lower...
Journal Article
Demography (2008) 45 (2): 245–270.
Published: 01 May 2008
... of their lower-income counterparts. 13 1 2011 © Population Association of America 2008 2008 Affirmative Action Educational Inequality Educational Transition Schedule Caste Educational Expansion References Anitha B.K. ( 2000 ). Village, Caste and Education . Delhi : Rawat...
Journal Article
Demography (1987) 24 (2): 163–190.
Published: 01 May 1987
... Argentina, migrant families were more likely to be drawn from the middle than the lower dass (Wilkie, 1971). One study showed lower-class, small farm holders to be more likely to migrate in one Mexican region, whereas upper-class, large landholders were more likely to migrate in another region (Roberts...
Journal Article
Demography (2023) 60 (6): 1665–1673.
Published: 01 December 2023
... 1972 ); a counterperspective, however, might acknowledge that the 2021 poverty rate was even lower than in 2020, when the pandemic's labor market effects peaked, and that the key policy responses introduced were also present in other high-income countries prior to the pandemic. Regardless, the policy...
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Journal Article
Demography (2017) 54 (2): 701–720.
Published: 23 February 2017
... is within the range of high-income countries and significantly lower than the IMR of middle-income countries. However, the estimated median value (solid vertical line) is substantially higher than the median for high-income countries (10.11 in Cuba vs. 4.60 in high-income countries). Fig. 4...
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Journal Article
Demography (1996) 33 (3): 341–355.
Published: 01 August 1996
... coun- tries. Moreover, ifone classifies countries as primarily Catho- lic (85% and more), mixed (16 to 84 or non-Catholic (15% or lower), the trends over time do not shift any of the coun- tries from one category to the other. Because the exact level ofofficial adherence to Catholicism seems less...
Journal Article
Demography (2017) 54 (6): 2331–2349.
Published: 30 October 2017
... expected relative earnings are lower again after this factor is accounted for. We illustrate this point by comparing Spain and Sweden. These two countries are similar in the baseline rank ordering of women’s relative income (Model 1). However, after we account for male unemployment, the expected relative...
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Journal Article
Demography (2020) 57 (4): 1345–1368.
Published: 19 May 2020
.... One way it may have done so is by increasing eligibility requirements. The reform increased the minimum years of contribution for benefit eligibility from 10 years in the DB system to 25 years in the DC system. Lower-income workers generally have more frequent and longer-lasting spells of unemployment...
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Journal Article
Demography (2011) 48 (1): 211–239.
Published: 26 February 2011
..., temporal increases in life expectancy correspond to decreases in this diversity; and life expectancy is, in most cases, higher in countries where the diversity is lower. Studies showed that since the 1970s, however, in some countries, one can observe increases in average life expectancy coinciding...
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Journal Article
Demography (2014) 51 (1): 97–118.
Published: 03 January 2014
... a biomedical-based disability survey depends on a large number of well-trained medical personnel. Therefore, countries with lower levels of development are often unable to conduct medical assessments of disability. On the other hand, defining disability according to the biomedical model (rather than a social...
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Journal Article
Demography (2024) 61 (5): 1585–1611.
Published: 01 October 2024
... are significantly lower than in other low- and middle-income countries. SSA regions also show lower household wealth and higher child mortality than other regions, but they have similar urbanization rates. Table 2 Descriptive statistics on indicators of fertility, socioeconomic development, and structural...
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