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Fig. 1 Latent means of health variables by immigrant status and ethnoracial group. Scaling of the estimated means is arbitrary, and only mean differences can be interpreted meaningfully. The reference group, with a mean of zero, is White natives. Higher scores refer to higher degrees of reported limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs), higher degrees of self-reported disability, higher degrees of functional limitations, higher degrees of perceived financial stress, and higher degrees of psychological distress.

Latent means of health variables by immigrant status and ethnoracial group....

in The Comparability of Perceived Physical and Mental Health Measures Across Immigrants and Natives in the United States > Demography
Published: 01 August 2021
Fig. 1 Latent means of health variables by immigrant status and ethnoracial group. Scaling of the estimated means is arbitrary, and only mean differences can be interpreted meaningfully. The reference group, with a mean of zero, is White natives. Higher scores refer to higher degrees of reported More
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Population health latent variable measurement models. a Unidimensional measurement model, b Second-order measurement model, c Multimethod-bifactor health measurement model

Population health latent variable measurement models. a Unidimensional me...

in Health Measurement in Population Surveys: Combining Information from Self-reported and Observer-Measured Health Indicators > Demography
Published: 20 April 2011
Fig. 1 Population health latent variable measurement models. a Unidimensional measurement model, b Second-order measurement model, c Multimethod-bifactor health measurement model More
Journal Article

Health Measurement in Population Surveys: Combining Information from Self-reported and Observer-Measured Health Indicators

George B. Ploubidis, Emily Grundy
Demography (2011) 48 (2): 699–724.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0028-1
Published: 20 April 2011
...Fig. 1 Population health latent variable measurement models. a Unidimensional measurement model, b Second-order measurement model, c Multimethod-bifactor health measurement model ...
FIGURES | View All (5)
View articletitled, Health Measurement in Population Surveys: Combining Information from Self-reported and Observer-Measured Health Indicators View PDF for article titled, Health Measurement in Population Surveys: Combining Information from Self-reported and Observer-Measured Health Indicators
Journal Article

One step back in understanding racial differences in birth weight

Tukufu Zuberi
Demography (2001) 38 (4): 569–571.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0041
Published: 01 November 2001
... the impact of genetic variation on demographic processes. The authors’ statistical results restate their anachronistic theory of race using latent variables that are not open to empirical testing. Although new data increase the opportunities for the examination of the relationship between biology...
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Journal Article

Research Note: Does Despair in Young Adulthood Predict Mortality?

Iliya Gutin, Lauren Gaydosh
Demography (2025) 62 (2): 365–379.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11861195
Published: 01 April 2025
... hazards models with behavioral risk factors and latent variable measures of despair in young adulthood (ages 24–32 in 2008–2009) as focal predictors, we estimate subsequent mortality risk through 2022 (298 deaths among 12,277 individuals; 177,628 person-years of exposure). We find that suicidal ideation...
View articletitled, Research Note: Does Despair in Young Adulthood Predict Mortality? View PDF for article titled, Research Note: Does Despair in Young Adulthood Predict Mortality?
Includes: Supplementary data
Image
Fig. 3 Autoregressive latent trajectory (linear) growth model. To simplify the diagrams, we do not show the continuous underlying variables that correspond to the ordinal Z1 to Z5 variables. The εs refer to the errors of the continuous underlying variables, as well as the errors for the latent variables. Lj = latent subjective health at wave j. Zj = measures of self-reported health at wave j; j = 1,2,3,4,5. In-School = in-school self-reported health, measured at Wave I. α = latent intercept. β = latent slope. Latent variables for subjective health, intercept, and slopes are influenced by age at Wave I.

Autoregressive latent trajectory (linear) growth model. To simplify the dia...

in Trajectories of Subjective Health: Testing Longitudinal Models for Self-rated Health From Adolescence to Midlife > Demography
Published: 01 August 2021
Fig. 3 Autoregressive latent trajectory (linear) growth model. To simplify the diagrams, we do not show the continuous underlying variables that correspond to the ordinal Z 1 to Z 5 variables. The εs refer to the errors of the continuous underlying variables, as well as the errors More
Image
Fig. 1 Latent time-invariant and autoregressive models. To simplify the diagrams, we do not show the continuous underlying variables that correspond to the ordinal Z1 to Z5 variables. The εs refer to the errors of the continuous underlying variables. Lj = latent subjective health at wave j. Zj = measures of self-reported health at wave j; j = 1,2,3,4,5. In-School = in-school self-reported health, measured at Wave I. α = latent intercept. Latent variables for subjective health and intercept are influenced by age at Wave I.

Latent time-invariant and autoregressive models. To simplify the diagrams, ...

in Trajectories of Subjective Health: Testing Longitudinal Models for Self-rated Health From Adolescence to Midlife > Demography
Published: 01 August 2021
Fig. 1 Latent time-invariant and autoregressive models. To simplify the diagrams, we do not show the continuous underlying variables that correspond to the ordinal Z 1 to Z 5 variables. The εs refer to the errors of the continuous underlying variables. L j  = latent subjective health More
Image
Fig. 2 Growth curve models. To simplify the diagrams, we do not show the continuous underlying variables that correspond to the ordinal Z1 to Z5 variables. The εs refer to the errors of the continuous underlying variables, as do the correlations of the errors. Lj = Latent subjective health at wave j. Zj = measures of self-reported health at wave j; j = 1,2,3,4,5. In-School = in-school self-reported health, measured at Wave I. α = latent intercept. β = latent slope. (x) = freely estimated loading factor with x starting value. Latent variables for subjective health, intercept, and slopes are influenced by age at Wave I.

Growth curve models. To simplify the diagrams, we do not show the continuou...

in Trajectories of Subjective Health: Testing Longitudinal Models for Self-rated Health From Adolescence to Midlife > Demography
Published: 01 August 2021
Fig. 2 Growth curve models. To simplify the diagrams, we do not show the continuous underlying variables that correspond to the ordinal Z 1 to Z 5 variables. The εs refer to the errors of the continuous underlying variables, as do the correlations of the errors. L j  = Latent subjective More
Journal Article

Children’s Development and Parental Input: Evidence From the UK Millennium Cohort Study

Mónica Hernández-Alava, Gurleen Popli
Demography (2017) 54 (2): 485–511.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0554-6
Published: 23 February 2017
... substantial evidence of two distinct latent parental investment variables with differential effects across the two abilities. 23 1 2017 23 2 2017 © The Author(s) 2017 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Trajectories of Subjective Health: Testing Longitudinal Models for Self-rated Health From Adolescence to Midlife

Kenneth A. Bollen, Iliya Gutin
Demography (2021) 58 (4): 1547–1574.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9368980
Published: 01 August 2021
...Fig. 3 Autoregressive latent trajectory (linear) growth model. To simplify the diagrams, we do not show the continuous underlying variables that correspond to the ordinal Z 1 to Z 5 variables. The εs refer to the errors of the continuous underlying variables, as well as the errors...
FIGURES | View All (4)
View articletitled, Trajectories of Subjective Health: Testing Longitudinal Models for Self-rated Health From Adolescence to Midlife View PDF for article titled, Trajectories of Subjective Health: Testing Longitudinal Models for Self-rated Health From Adolescence to Midlife
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

The mechanisms mediating the effects of poverty on children’s intellectual development

Guang Guo, Kathleen Mullan Harris
Demography (2000) 37 (4): 431–447.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2000.0005
Published: 01 November 2000
..., along with child care, to mediate the effects of poverty and other exogenous variables. We produce two main findings. First, the influence of family poverty on children’s intellectual development is mediated completely by the intervening mechanisms measured by our latent factors. Second, our analysis...
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Journal Article

How Does Deprivation Affect Early-Age Mortality? Patterns of Socioeconomic Determinants of Neonatal and Postneonatal Mortality in Bolivia

Filippo Temporin
Demography (2020) 57 (5): 1681–1704.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00907-2
Published: 08 September 2020
... with a latent variable model for deprivation measured at the household level, is applied to data from the 2008 Bolivian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Separate models are fitted to estimate the effects of the covariates of interest on mortality occurring in the neonatal and in the postneonatal periods...
View articletitled, How Does Deprivation Affect Early-Age Mortality? Patterns of Socioeconomic Determinants of Neonatal and Postneonatal Mortality in Bolivia View PDF for article titled, How Does Deprivation Affect Early-Age Mortality? Patterns of Socioeconomic Determinants of Neonatal and Postneonatal Mortality in Bolivia
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Measuring components of family planning program effort

Barbara Entwisle
Demography (1989) 26 (1): 53–76.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061493
Published: 01 February 1989
... than four components. The discussion focuses on the expanded set of components and includes an assessment of the empirical indicators associated with them. 7 1 2011 © Population Association of America 1989 1989 Latent Variable Family Planning Fertility Decline Family Planning...
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Journal Article

Individual and couple utility of children

Elizabeth Thomson
Demography (1983) 20 (4): 507–518.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061116
Published: 01 November 1983
.... The utility of another child and expec- tations for another child are unobserved (latent) variables, measured by the ob- served responses (indicators) of wives and/or husbands. The observed covaria- tion among wives' and husbands' re- sponses is therefore explained in part by structural relations among...
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Journal Article

Biodemographic modeling of the links between fertility motivation and fertility outcomes in the NLSY79

Warren B. Miller, David E. Bard, David J. Pasta, Joseph Lee Rodgers
Demography (2010) 47 (2): 393–414.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0107
Published: 01 May 2010
... of the proportionally small number of missing cases (see Table 2), the covariance matrices used in the LISREL analysis were based on the pairwise missing option. Measurement model. An important consideration in testing our SEM was to reduce measurement error wherever possible through the use of latent variables...
View articletitled, Biodemographic modeling of the links between fertility motivation and fertility outcomes in the NLSY79 View PDF for article titled, Biodemographic modeling of the links between fertility motivation and fertility outcomes in the NLSY79
Journal Article

A step in another direction: Looking for maternal genetic and environmental effects on racial differences in birth weight

Edwin J.C.G. Van Den Oord, David C. Rowe
Demography (2001) 38 (4): 573–576.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0040
Published: 01 November 2001
... obtain these population-specific estimates of allele frequency (Cheung et al. 2000). Thus, although we accept that race is a social and demographic concept, in part it is also a biologi- cal concept. CAUSAL EFFECTS AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT We used a latent variable approach...
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Journal Article

Simultaneity in the use of maternal-child health care and contraceptives: evidence from developing countries

Saifuddin Ahmed, W. Henry Mosley
Demography (2002) 39 (1): 75–93.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0001
Published: 01 February 2002
... Behavior . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Berry , W.D. ( 1984 ). Nonrecursive Causal Models . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage . Bollen , K.A. ( 1989 ). Structural Equations With Latent Variables . New York : John Wiley & Sons . Bollen , K.A. , Guilkey , D.K...
View articletitled, Simultaneity in the use of maternal-child health care and contraceptives: evidence from developing countries View PDF for article titled, Simultaneity in the use of maternal-child health care and contraceptives: evidence from developing countries
Journal Article

Trends in Mortality Decrease and Economic Growth

Geng Niu, Bertrand Melenberg
Demography (2014) 51 (5): 1755–1773.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0328-3
Published: 03 October 2014
... be related to some macroeconomic variables. However, instead of building a structural model to study causality, we first begin with a reduced-form approach to study the relationship between the latent factor and the observable factor. By doing so, we aim to provide an alternative perspective on understanding...
FIGURES | View All (6)
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

The Comparability of Perceived Physical and Mental Health Measures Across Immigrants and Natives in the United States

Dina Maskileyson, Daniel Seddig, Eldad Davidov
Demography (2021) 58 (4): 1423–1443.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9304855
Published: 01 August 2021
...Fig. 1 Latent means of health variables by immigrant status and ethnoracial group. Scaling of the estimated means is arbitrary, and only mean differences can be interpreted meaningfully. The reference group, with a mean of zero, is White natives. Higher scores refer to higher degrees of reported...
FIGURES
View articletitled, The Comparability of Perceived Physical and Mental Health Measures Across Immigrants and Natives in the United States View PDF for article titled, The Comparability of Perceived Physical and Mental Health Measures Across Immigrants and Natives in the United States
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Sibling models of socioeconomic effects on the timing of first premarital birth

Daniel A. Powers, James Cherng-Tay Hsueh
Demography (1997) 34 (4): 493–511.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3038305
Published: 01 November 1997
...' pregnancies and out-of-wedlock births. We use sibling data and a bivariate latent-variable meth- odology that is appropriate when observations can be grouped into "matched pairs." This approach addresses the difficufty of assessing the unmeasured family-level effect by taking advantage of the fact that part...
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