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Journal Article
How Long Will You Be a Widow? Determinants, Trends, and Income Gradient in Widowhood Duration
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Demography (2025) 62 (2): 467–488.
Published: 01 April 2025
... of mortality distributions. Male widowhood duration also exhibits a negative gradient along the household income distribution. Figure 6 demonstrates that men at the bottom of the income distribution have an expected widowhood duration of 5.9 years at age 60, compared with only 5.4 years for those at the top...
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View articletitled, How Long Will You Be a Widow? Determinants, Trends, and <span class="search-highlight">Income</span> <span class="search-highlight">Gradient</span> in Widowhood Duration
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Disease prevalence, disease incidence, and mortality in the United States and in England
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Demography (2010) 47 (Suppl 1): S211–S231.
Published: 01 March 2010
... similar health gradients in income and wealth in both countries, but for 70- to 80-year-olds, we find no income gradient in the United Kingdom. Standard behavioral risk factor’s (work, marriage, obesity, exercise, and smoking) almost fully explain income gradients among those aged 55–64 in both countries...
Journal Article
Is the relationship between socioeconomic status and health stronger for older children in developing countries?
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Demography (2009) 46 (2): 303–324.
Published: 01 May 2009
...Lisa Cameron; Jenny Williams Abstract Recent research on the relationship between child health and income in developed countries reveals a positive gradient that is more pronounced for older children, suggesting that the impact of income upon health accumulates. This article examines whether...
Journal Article
Early origins of the gradient: the relationship between socioeconomic status and infant mortality in the United States
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Demography (2003) 40 (4): 675–699.
Published: 01 November 2003
..., although decreasingly so, at higher levels of socioeconomic status. To minimize problems with reverse causality, I tested competing hypotheses for observed socioeconomic gradients for infant mortality outcomes. I found no support for the income-inequality hypothesis and negligible support...
View articletitled, Early origins of the <span class="search-highlight">gradient</span>: the relationship between socioeconomic status and infant mortality in the United States
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for article titled, Early origins of the <span class="search-highlight">gradient</span>: the relationship between socioeconomic status and infant mortality in the United States
Journal Article
Family Income and Child Cognitive Development: A Response to Marks
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Demography (2017) 54 (2): 809–812.
Published: 23 March 2017
.... ( 2009 ). Child health and the income gradient: Evidence from Australia . Journal of Health Economics , 28 , 805 – 817 . 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.05.001 . Khanam , R. , Nghiem , H. S. , & Connelly , L. B. ( 2013 ). What roles do contemporaneous and cumulative incomes play...
Journal Article
Key themes in research on the demography of aging
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Demography (2010) 47 (Suppl 1): S5–S15.
Published: 01 March 2010
... society, issues such as the ones examined in this special issue. 27 1 2011 © Population Association of America 2010 2010 Comparative Effectiveness Research Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Income Gradient Baby Boom Cohort Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Sample References Banks J...
Journal Article
The Income and Health Effects of Tribal Casino Gaming on American Indians
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Demography (2012) 49 (2): 499–524.
Published: 17 March 2012
... children’s mental health (Costello et al. 2003 , 2010 ). Recent research on the income-health gradient has primarily focused on children, or has exploited natural experiments to establish the income-to-health linkage; these studies find a positive income-health gradient, but the exact nature...
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View articletitled, The <span class="search-highlight">Income</span> and Health Effects of Tribal Casino Gaming on American Indians
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for article titled, The <span class="search-highlight">Income</span> and Health Effects of Tribal Casino Gaming on American Indians
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2021) 58 (6): 2117–2138.
Published: 01 December 2021
... stratified by sex, income quartile, level of neighborhood deprivation, and degree of urbanicity of each SAMS ( Figures A3-1 , A3-2 , and A3-3 , online appendix). We hypothesized that the gradient observed across income quartile and level of neighborhood deprivation may differ in large cities (800 or more...
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View articletitled, Growing <span class="search-highlight">Income</span>-Based Inequalities in Old-Age Life Expectancy in Sweden, 2006–2015
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for article titled, Growing <span class="search-highlight">Income</span>-Based Inequalities in Old-Age Life Expectancy in Sweden, 2006–2015
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Family Income and Child Cognitive and Noncognitive Development in Australia: Does Money Matter?
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Demography (2016) 53 (3): 597–621.
Published: 15 April 2016
.... ( 2014 ) used ecological models of child development to examine the income gradient in children’s cognitive, noncognitive, and health outcomes. Using a decomposition approach, they found that the income gradient is highest for cognitive development, followed by noncognitive and health outcomes...
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View articletitled, Family <span class="search-highlight">Income</span> and Child Cognitive and Noncognitive Development in Australia: Does Money Matter?
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for article titled, Family <span class="search-highlight">Income</span> and Child Cognitive and Noncognitive Development in Australia: Does Money Matter?
Journal Article
The international child poverty gap: Does Demography matter?
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Demography (2008) 45 (1): 173–191.
Published: 01 February 2008
... incomes both before and after taxes and transfers, as well as their gradients across household categories. By decomposing the components correspond- ing to market earnings and governmental transfers into a level factor and a gradient factor, we assess whether a higher poverty rate in the United States...
Journal Article
Reconstructing childhood health histories
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Demography (2009) 46 (2): 387–403.
Published: 01 May 2009
... A. , & Schonlau M. ( 2007 ). Noncoverage and Nonresponse in an Internet Survey . Social Science Research , 36 , 131 – 48 . 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2005.10.002 Currie A. , Shields M. , & Price S. ( 2004 ). Is the Child Health/Income Gradient Universal? Evidence From England . Bonn...
Journal Article
The Demography of Mental Health Among Mature Adults in a Low-Income, High-HIV-Prevalence Context
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Demography (2017) 54 (4): 1529–1558.
Published: 27 July 2017
...-income contexts, where older individuals often experience lower levels of DA. Although socioeconomic and risk- or uncertainty-related stressors are strongly associated with DA, they do not explain the positive age gradients and gender gap in DA. Stressors related to physical health, however, do. Hence...
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View articletitled, The Demography of Mental Health Among Mature Adults in a Low-<span class="search-highlight">Income</span>, High-HIV-Prevalence Context
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for article titled, The Demography of Mental Health Among Mature Adults in a Low-<span class="search-highlight">Income</span>, High-HIV-Prevalence Context
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Heterogeneity in Expected Longevities
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Demography (2014) 51 (6): 2075–2102.
Published: 13 November 2014
... with health status Expected Longevity Gradient All Education Wealth Nonfinancial Income Labor Market Status Marital Status Smoking Marital Status and Smoking White Males All type-specific 78.8 6.6 4.3 1.5 3.8 2.6 2.9 5.8 (0.2) (0.8) (0.6) (0.4) (0.4) (0.6...
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Journal Article
Age-Specific Correlates of Child Growth
Open Access
Demography (2016) 53 (1): 241–267.
Published: 04 January 2016
... and Alderman ( 1997 ) split the sample into children younger than and older than 24 months of age and found that while maternal education is important for younger children, household income matters for the older group. Fernald et al. ( 2012 ) found that positive gradients associated with wealth and education...
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View articletitled, Age-Specific Correlates of Child Growth
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Journal Article
Demographic and economic correlates of health in old age
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Demography (1997) 34 (1): 159–170.
Published: 01 February 1997
...James P. Smith; Raynard Kington Abstract In this paper we examine disparities in the ability to function among older Americans. We place special emphasis on two goals: (I) understanding the quantitatively large socioeconomic status-health gradient, and (2) the persistence in health outcomes over...
Journal Article
Social Patterning in Body Mass Index (BMI) Among Contemporary Immigrant Groups: The Emergence of a Gradient
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Demography (2013) 50 (3): 993–1012.
Published: 04 December 2012
..., the pattern in the United States is generally inverse and particularly strong for women and non-Hispanic whites (Ogden et al. 2010 ). 1 An opposite pattern is observed in the developing world, where either flat or positive gradients prevail—that is, higher income, education, and occupational prestige...
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View articletitled, Social Patterning in Body Mass Index (BMI) Among Contemporary Immigrant Groups: The Emergence of a <span class="search-highlight">Gradient</span>
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for article titled, Social Patterning in Body Mass Index (BMI) Among Contemporary Immigrant Groups: The Emergence of a <span class="search-highlight">Gradient</span>
Journal Article
Demography (2022) 59 (2): 629–652.
Published: 01 April 2022
.... , & Crimmins E. ( 2020 ). Education and adult mortality in middle-income countries: Surprising gradients in six nationally-representative longitudinal surveys . SSM–Population Health , 12 , 100649 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100649 Torres J. M. , Rizzo S. , & Wong...
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View articletitled, Life Course Socioeconomic Status and Healthy Longevity in China
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for article titled, Life Course Socioeconomic Status and Healthy Longevity in China
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Poor Health Reporting? Using Anchoring Vignettes to Uncover Health Disparities by Wealth and Race
Open Access
Demography (2018) 55 (5): 1935–1956.
Published: 25 September 2018
...Laura Rossouw; Teresa Bago d’Uva; Eddy van Doorslaer Abstract In spite of the wide disparities in wealth and in objective health measures like mortality, observed inequality by wealth in self-reported health appears to be nearly nonexistent in low- to middle-income settings. To determine the extent...
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View articletitled, Poor Health Reporting? Using Anchoring Vignettes to Uncover Health Disparities by Wealth and Race
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for article titled, Poor Health Reporting? Using Anchoring Vignettes to Uncover Health Disparities by Wealth and Race
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Trends in the Developmental Gradient in Mothers’ Parenting Time by Maternal Education, 2003–2019
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Demography (2025) 62 (1): 159–181.
Published: 01 February 2025
... in parenting time investment following the developmental gradient occurred above and beyond correlated demographic and employment factors by adding work hours, family income, and partnership status separately to the total effect models estimated in Table 3 . Results in panels B–D of Table 4 show...
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View articletitled, Trends in the Developmental <span class="search-highlight">Gradient</span> in Mothers’ Parenting Time by Maternal Education, 2003–2019
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for article titled, Trends in the Developmental <span class="search-highlight">Gradient</span> in Mothers’ Parenting Time by Maternal Education, 2003–2019
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
When Did the Health Gradient Emerge? Social Class and Adult Mortality in Southern Sweden, 1813–2015
Open Access
Demography (2020) 57 (3): 953–977.
Published: 05 May 2020
... causes of disease wherever access to resources is unequal. Elo ( 2009 ) maintained that although the pathways may vary by context, the resulting health inequalities as such are enduring. Deaton argued, in a similar vein, that “the mortality gradient by income is found wherever and whenever it is sought...
View articletitled, When Did the Health <span class="search-highlight">Gradient</span> Emerge? Social Class and Adult Mortality in Southern Sweden, 1813–2015
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for article titled, When Did the Health <span class="search-highlight">Gradient</span> Emerge? Social Class and Adult Mortality in Southern Sweden, 1813–2015
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