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Gross National Income
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Journal Article
Demography (2018) 55 (5): 1905–1934.
Published: 20 August 2018
... year (Marshall 2005 ). Finally, the logged number of NGOs in a given country-year is included (Longhofer et al. 2016 ). In follow-up analyses of alternative specifications, we consider (logged) gross national income as a substitute for GDP per capita. Descriptive statistics for all measures are shown...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2020) 57 (4): 1271–1296.
Published: 23 July 2020
... and transfers—following a birth. Reductions remain but are smaller in magnitude after government transfers are included (Aassve et al. 2005 ; Bould et al. 2012 ; Sigle-Rushton and Waldfogel 2007b ). However, some evidence suggests that in a number of European countries, gross household income—income...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2006) 43 (1): 25–52.
Published: 01 February 2006
... children. 14 1 2011 © Population Association of America 2006 2006 Family Size Birth Order School Dropout Central Province Gross National Income References Akresh, R. 2004. “Adjusting Household Structure: School Enrollment Impacts of Child Fostering in Burkina Faso.” BREAD...
Journal Article
Demography (1973) 10 (4): 507–515.
Published: 01 November 1973
... of demographic factors on per capita income would be measureably larger. ApPENDIX I A. Countries and Sources of Data for Cross-Section Regressions. Proportion of the population 15-64: United Nations, 1963a. Gross reproduction rate: United Na- tions, Demographic Yearbook, 1965. Expectation of life: United Nations...
Journal Article
Demography (1989) 26 (2): 219–233.
Published: 01 May 1989
... of the noncustodial parent is based on gross income and the number of eligible dependent children. The obligation for one child is set at 17 percent of the noncustodian's gross income. The percentages for two, three, four, and five or more children are equal to 25, 29, 31, and 34 percent, respectively. 2...
Journal Article
Demography (1971) 8 (3): 319–330.
Published: 01 August 1971
.... Regression analyses based on data for 57 countries c. 1960 show that fertility (gross reproduction rate) varies cross-sectionally with region as well as with level of development (as measured by per capita income, percent labor force in primary sector, expectation of life, illiteracy rate). Using equations...
Journal Article
Demography (1976) 13 (4): 587–589.
Published: 01 November 1976
...Charles F. Hohm 26 1 2011 © Population Association of America 1976 1976 Social Security Total Fertility Rate International Labour Organization Gross National Product Fertility Data References Cutright , P. ( 1967 ). Income Redistribution: A Cross National...
Journal Article
Demography (2018) 55 (2): 733–742.
Published: 05 April 2018
... rates (TFRs) for China and their relationships with gross national income (GNI) per capita or gross domestic product (GDP) per capita rather than on the many significant changes behind these numbers (Goodkind 2017 :1389). As is well known, whether socioeconomic factors have increasingly become...
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Journal Article
Demography (2019) 56 (1): 367–390.
Published: 28 November 2018
... to harmonize to a gross (i.e., pretax and post-transfer) measure of income was judged to involve imposition of the fewest assumptions (for further details, see Bradbury et al. 2015b ). At each wave, family income was converted to constant 2011 prices using the relevant national price index and then converted...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (1975) 12 (3): 397–405.
Published: 01 August 1975
... of their children. They do get an empirical expression because of the imperfect and partial measurement of second-generation characteristics. I generation. "Gross" effects of first-gen- Economists have recently become more eration variables include the indirect interested in the effects of the economic effect...
Journal Article
Demography (2019) 56 (5): 1899–1929.
Published: 09 September 2019
... Education: Literacy Rate (%), 15- to 24-Year-Olds (2015) 2016 2015 2010 Female 94 73 87 Male 91 73 91 Notes: GNI per capita (formerly GNP per capita) is the gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. Literacy...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2005) 42 (2): 275–299.
Published: 01 May 2005
... Office 1993) to show national trends in primary- and secondary-level percentage female in the student population, the ratio of female gross enrollment ratios to male gross enrollment ratios, and female-to-male ratios of primary school entrance rates and junior high school transition rates. ANALYSES...
Journal Article
Demography (2020) 57 (1): 297–322.
Published: 07 February 2020
... country pairs are comparable in the Global North and Global South. Illustrating comparable developmental destination-origin disparities, compared with the origin countries of the first, second, and third most populous immigrant groups, gross national income per capita in the United States is, respectively...
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Journal Article
Demography (2021) 58 (3): 1065–1091.
Published: 01 June 2021
... group (based on the results of Model 2) is accounted for by compositional changes in work status vis-à-vis behavioral change or other compositional factors, and within relevant work status × education groups, what share of the gross change is due to behavioral change versus shifts in compositional...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2016) 53 (4): 1011–1025.
Published: 24 May 2016
... those who are not required to file federal income tax returns and thus “under-represents the poor and the elderly” (Gross 2014 :2). Likewise, the SOI data miss taxpayers who file late, who tend to have the more complicated returns of high-income households and thus “may under-represent the wealthy...
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Journal Article
Demography (1975) 12 (4): 629–644.
Published: 01 November 1975
... spending more than five percent of their gross national product on social security programs, only one (Portugal) could be considered as underdeveloped (based on per capita income). Further- more, social security systems have de- veloped in all modern industrialized nations, regardless of their political...
Journal Article
Demography (1999) 36 (1): 93–109.
Published: 01 February 1999
.... Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation Along Five Dimensions . Demography , 26 , 373 – 91 . 10.2307/2061599 Massey , D.S. ( 1993 ). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Massey , D.S. , & Gross...
Journal Article
Demography (2019) 56 (3): 891–916.
Published: 16 May 2019
... examine the effects of mortality, fertility levels (measured by the gross reproduction rate), mean age of childbearing, and variance of age at childbearing by varying each of these parameters while holding the others constant. One limitation of the synthetic cohort estimate is that a person’s expected...
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Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article
Demography (2013) 50 (1): 181–206.
Published: 14 September 2012
... 81.6 4.3 100.0 95+ 4.3 62.8 33.0 100.0 16.0 83.0 1.0 100.0 All 10.9 14.8 74.4 100.0 12.4 46.4 41.2 100.0 The IPO income data are based primarily on tax records and contain detailed and accurate information on all income components. Here, income is gross of income tax...
Journal Article
Demography (1988) 25 (1): 155–158.
Published: 01 February 1988
... and the TFR (r = -0.102). As national income grows and fertility declines, a growing proportion of birthsoccur to teenagers" (Pampe! and Pillai, 1986:538). Butwhyshouldthe percentage ofbirths to teens increase asper capita gross national product (GNP) increases unless those populations (within countries) who...
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