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Conceptual diagram, sex and gender identity categories captured or inferable from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys from 2014–2016. Sex categories are outlined with solid lines; gender identity categories are outlined with dashes

Conceptual diagram, sex and gender identity categories captured or inferabl...

in Looking at Population Health Beyond “Male” and “Female”: Implications of Transgender Identity and Gender Nonconformity for Population Health > Demography
Published: 25 September 2018
Fig. 1 Conceptual diagram, sex and gender identity categories captured or inferable from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys from 2014–2016. Sex categories are outlined with solid lines; gender identity categories are outlined with dashes More
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Predicted probabilities of reporting poor health by gender identity and misclassification in BRFSS 2014–2016

Predicted probabilities of reporting poor health by gender identity and mis...

in Looking at Population Health Beyond “Male” and “Female”: Implications of Transgender Identity and Gender Nonconformity for Population Health > Demography
Published: 25 September 2018
Fig. 2 Predicted probabilities of reporting poor health by gender identity and misclassification in BRFSS 2014–2016 More
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Fig. 2 Predicted values of well-being indices by gender identity. Estimates are the average predicted values of life purpose, community belonging, physical and mental health, financial well-being, and social connectedness indices across categories of gender identity, based on results from Model 2. All results adjust for age, race/ethnicity, region, survey year, employment status, education, household income, union status, and residential parent status. All covariates are centered on their means (N = 107,310). Whisker bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.

Predicted values of well-being indices by gender identity. Estimates are th...

in Toward a Holistic Demographic Profile of Sexual and Gender Minority Well-being > Demography
Published: 01 August 2022
Fig. 2 Predicted values of well-being indices by gender identity. Estimates are the average predicted values of life purpose, community belonging, physical and mental health, financial well-being, and social connectedness indices across categories of gender identity, based on results from Model More
Journal Article

Responses to Sexual and Gender Identity Measures in Population-Level Data by Birth Cohort: A Research Note

Christopher A. Julian, Wendy D. Manning, Krista K. Westrick-Payne
Demography (2024) 61 (1): 15–30.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11164985
Published: 01 February 2024
...Christopher A. Julian; Wendy D. Manning; Krista K. Westrick-Payne Abstract The measurement of sexual and gender identity in the United States has been evolving to generate more precise demographic estimates of the population and a better understanding of health and well-being. Younger cohorts...
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View articletitled, Responses to Sexual and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> <span class="search-highlight">Identity</span> Measures in Population-Level Data by Birth Cohort: A Research Note View PDF for article titled, Responses to Sexual and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> <span class="search-highlight">Identity</span> Measures in Population-Level Data by Birth Cohort: A Research Note
Journal Article

Evaluating the Use of a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure in the 2018 General Social Survey

Danya Lagos, D'Lane Compton
Demography (2021) 58 (2): 763–772.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-8976151
Published: 01 April 2021
...Danya Lagos; D'Lane Compton Abstract In 2018, the General Social Survey (GSS) asked some respondents for their sex assigned at birth and current gender identity, in addition to the ongoing practice of having survey interviewers code respondent sex. Between 0.44% and 0.93% of the respondents who...
View articletitled, Evaluating the Use of a Two-Step <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> <span class="search-highlight">Identity</span> Measure in the 2018 General Social Survey View PDF for article titled, Evaluating the Use of a Two-Step <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> <span class="search-highlight">Identity</span> Measure in the 2018 General Social Survey
Journal Article

Looking at Population Health Beyond “Male” and “Female”: Implications of Transgender Identity and Gender Nonconformity for Population Health

Danya Lagos
Demography (2018) 55 (6): 2097–2117.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0714-3
Published: 25 September 2018
...Fig. 1 Conceptual diagram, sex and gender identity categories captured or inferable from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys from 2014–2016. Sex categories are outlined with solid lines; gender identity categories are outlined with dashes ...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Looking at Population Health Beyond “Male” and “Female”: Implications of Transgender <span class="search-highlight">Identity</span> and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> Nonconformity for Population Health View PDF for article titled, Looking at Population Health Beyond “Male” and “Female”: Implications of Transgender <span class="search-highlight">Identity</span> and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> Nonconformity for Population Health
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Who Cares? Unpaid Caregiving by Sexual Identity, Gender, and Partnership Status Among U.S. Adults

Zhe (Meredith) Zhang, Madeline Smith-Johnson, Bridget K. Gorman
Demography (2024) 61 (1): 115–140.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11145841
Published: 01 February 2024
.... Lastly, we contextualize caregivers’ experiences and reveal selected descriptive differences in patterns of care recipient–caregiver relationships across gender and sexual identity groups. Our findings advance understanding of caregiving and changing family ties in an era of population aging...
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View articletitled, Who Cares? Unpaid Caregiving by Sexual <span class="search-highlight">Identity</span>, <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span>, and Partnership Status Among U.S. Adults View PDF for article titled, Who Cares? Unpaid Caregiving by Sexual <span class="search-highlight">Identity</span>, <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span>, and Partnership Status Among U.S. Adults
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Fig. 1 Predicted probability of providing care by gender and sexual identity. Predicted probabilities of caregiving status are adjusted for all sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health measures listed in Table 2, as well as the state and year of the interview. Whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals. Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2015–2021. Pairwise comparison tests among men: Heterosexual versus gay men (b = 0.07, p = .087) Heterosexual versus bisexual men (b = 0.09, p = .001) Gay versus bisexual men (b = 0.03, p = .544) Pairwise comparison tests among women: Heterosexual versus lesbian women (b = 0.00, p = .99) Heterosexual versus bisexual women (b = 0.01, p = .279) Lesbian versus bisexual women (b = 0.01, p = .595) Pairwise comparison tests by gender: Heterosexual men versus heterosexual women (b = 0.06, p = .000) Gay men versus lesbian women (b = 0.01, p = .868) Bisexual men versus bisexual women (b = 0.02, p = .432)

Predicted probability of providing care by gender and sexual identity. Pred...

in Who Cares? Unpaid Caregiving by Sexual Identity, Gender, and Partnership Status Among U.S. Adults > Demography
Published: 01 February 2024
Fig. 1 Predicted probability of providing care by gender and sexual identity. Predicted probabilities of caregiving status are adjusted for all sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health measures listed in Table 2 , as well as the state and year of the interview. Whiskers represent 95 More
Journal Article

Gender Differences in Self-assessed Measures of Health: How Does the Structure of Self-rated Health Compare Across Transgender and Cisgender Groups?

Madeline Smith-Johnson
Demography (2024) 61 (6): 2147–2175.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11689375
Published: 01 December 2024
... for a sample of transgender men, transgender women, nonbinary adults, cisgender men, and cisgender women. It examines whether the probabilities of reporting poor or fair SRH are similar among those with various underlying health problems. Findings reveal differences by gender identity and age group. For more...
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View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> Differences in Self-assessed Measures of Health: How Does the Structure of Self-rated Health Compare Across Transgender and Cisgender Groups? View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> Differences in Self-assessed Measures of Health: How Does the Structure of Self-rated Health Compare Across Transgender and Cisgender Groups?
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

A Data Portrait of Cisgender, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming Populations in the United States: A Research Note

Lawrence Stacey
Demography (2024) 61 (5): 1267–1282.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11569501
Published: 01 October 2024
... populations on a range of sociodemographic (e.g., sexual identity, race and ethnicity), socioeconomic (e.g., education, homeownership), family (e.g., union status), and health (e.g., number of poor mental health days) characteristics. Results reveal that gender minorities are younger than cisgender men...
View articletitled, A Data Portrait of Cisgender, Transgender, and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span>-Nonconforming Populations in the United States: A Research Note View PDF for article titled, A Data Portrait of Cisgender, Transgender, and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span>-Nonconforming Populations in the United States: A Research Note
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Toward a Holistic Demographic Profile of Sexual and Gender Minority Well-being

Lawrence Stacey, Rin Reczek, R Spiker
Demography (2022) 59 (4): 1403–1430.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10081664
Published: 01 August 2022
...Fig. 2 Predicted values of well-being indices by gender identity. Estimates are the average predicted values of life purpose, community belonging, physical and mental health, financial well-being, and social connectedness indices across categories of gender identity, based on results from Model...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Toward a Holistic Demographic Profile of Sexual and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> Minority Well-being View PDF for article titled, Toward a Holistic Demographic Profile of Sexual and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> Minority Well-being
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Twelve bar graphs illustrating the probability of poor or fair self-rated health for cisgender men, cisgender women, trans men, trans women, and nonbinary adults in the presence of different health conditions. Across conditions, the probabilities are similar, except for nonbinary adults, whose probabilities tend to be higher than those of other gender groups.

Predicted probability of reporting poor or fair self-rated health (SRH) by ...

in Gender Differences in Self-assessed Measures of Health: How Does the Structure of Self-rated Health Compare Across Transgender and Cisgender Groups? > Demography
Published: 01 December 2024
Fig. 1 Predicted probability of reporting poor or fair self-rated health (SRH) by gender identity in the presence of 12 specific health conditions. Survey results are from 42 U.S. states and one territory that asked about gender identity (see Table 1 ). Predicted probabilities, confidence More
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Twenty-four bar graphs illustrating the probability of poor or fair self-rated health (SRH) for two age groups—younger adults (aged 18–39) and older adults (aged 40+)—of cisgender men, cisgender women, trans men, trans women, and nonbinary adults in the presence of different health conditions. For 9 of 12 conditions, probabilities are higher for younger nonbinary adults, and for 8 of 12 conditions, probabilities are higher for younger trans men.

Age-stratified predicted probability of reporting poor or fair self-rated h...

in Gender Differences in Self-assessed Measures of Health: How Does the Structure of Self-rated Health Compare Across Transgender and Cisgender Groups? > Demography
Published: 01 December 2024
Fig. 2 Age-stratified predicted probability of reporting poor or fair self-rated health (SRH) by gender identity in the presence of 12 specific health conditions. Survey results are from 42 states and one territory that asked about gender identity. Predicted probabilities, confidence intervals More
Journal Article

Sexual Fluidity: Implications for Population Research

Joel Mittleman
Demography (2023) 60 (4): 1257–1282.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10898916
Published: 01 August 2023
... sexual identities over five annual surveys, including 6% of cisgender men, 11% of cisgender women, and 35% of gender minorities. Fluidity was particularly pronounced among young adults and among those who had ever identified as bisexual or “something else.” Despite the frequency and patterning of sexual...
FIGURES | View All (5)
View articletitled, Sexual Fluidity: Implications for Population Research View PDF for article titled, Sexual Fluidity: Implications for Population Research
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Structural Heteropatriarchy and Birth Outcomes in the United States

Bethany G. Everett, Aubrey Limburg, Patricia Homan, Morgan M. Philbin
Demography (2022) 59 (1): 89–110.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9606030
Published: 01 February 2022
... independently of each other ( Jackson 2006 ; Rich 1980 ). Consequently, the subjugation of women requires the marginalization of other nonheterosexual identities to maintain its legitimacy. Some theorists have argued that sexuality is the “linchpin” of gender inequality ( MacKinnon 1982 :533). Normative...
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View articletitled, Structural Heteropatriarchy and Birth Outcomes in the United States View PDF for article titled, Structural Heteropatriarchy and Birth Outcomes in the United States
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Muslim and Hindu Women’s Public and Private Behaviors: Gender, Family, and Communalized Politics in India

Sonalde Desai, Gheda Temsah
Demography (2014) 51 (6): 2307–2332.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0319-4
Published: 21 August 2014
... public and private behaviors of women in India to examine how gender and family norms are shaped in the context of communalized identity politics. Building on the theoretical framework of “doing gender,” we argue that because communal identities are expressed through externally visible behaviors, greater...
View articletitled, Muslim and Hindu Women’s Public and Private Behaviors: <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span>, Family, and Communalized Politics in India View PDF for article titled, Muslim and Hindu Women’s Public and Private Behaviors: <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span>, Family, and Communalized Politics in India
Journal Article

Differences in All-Cause Mortality Among Transgender and Non-Transgender People Enrolled in Private Insurance

Landon D. Hughes, Wesley M. King, Kristi E. Gamarel, Arline T. Geronimus, Orestis A. Panagiotou ...
Demography (2022) 59 (3): 1023–1043.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9942002
Published: 01 June 2022
... et al. 2017 ; James et al. 2016 ; Meyer et al. 2017 ). Within trans populations, the prevalence of certain chronic and acute conditions varies by gender identity. For example, researchers have found that trans women and nonbinary individuals are at a greater risk of diabetes, coronary heart disease...
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View articletitled, Differences in All-Cause Mortality Among Transgender and Non-Transgender People Enrolled in Private Insurance View PDF for article titled, Differences in All-Cause Mortality Among Transgender and Non-Transgender People Enrolled in Private Insurance
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

The Demography of Sweden's Transgender Population: A Research Note on Patterns, Changes, and Sociodemographics

Martin Kolk, J. Lucas Tilley, Emma von Essen, Ylva Moberg, Ian Burn
Demography (2025) 62 (2): 349–363.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11850105
Published: 01 April 2025
... at the time of these two events. Our work complements research that studies a country's transgender population using cross-sectional surveys in which people self-report their gender identity. Unlike those studies, we can provide a population-wide count of transgender people over time and examine age...
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View articletitled, The Demography of Sweden's Transgender Population: A Research Note on Patterns, Changes, and Sociodemographics View PDF for article titled, The Demography of Sweden's Transgender Population: A Research Note on Patterns, Changes, and Sociodemographics
Includes: Supplementary data
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Fig. 4 Predicted probability for cluster membership by birth cohort, gender, and sexuality. Multinomial regression analyses include interactions between sexual identity, gender, and cohort, and control for race-ethnicity, education, and family structure at 16. Source: Understanding Society (2009–2019).

Predicted probability for cluster membership by birth cohort, gender, and s...

in Sexuality and Demographic Change: Documenting Family Formation Trajectories and Cohort Change in the LGB Population > Demography
Published: 01 October 2023
Fig. 4 Predicted probability for cluster membership by birth cohort, gender, and sexuality. Multinomial regression analyses include interactions between sexual identity, gender, and cohort, and control for race-ethnicity, education, and family structure at 16. Source: Understanding Society More
Journal Article

Physical and Mental Health Disparities at the Intersection of Sexual and Gender Minority Statuses: Evidence From Population-Level Data

Lawrence Stacey, Wes Wislar
Demography (2023) 60 (3): 731–760.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10708592
Published: 01 June 2023
... and more specific outcomes. One study, based on the first multistate sample of the BRFSS in 2014 when the first Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) Module was implemented, showed that the population of transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals experienced elevated odds of poor physical...
FIGURES | View All (4)
View articletitled, Physical and Mental Health Disparities at the Intersection of Sexual and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> Minority Statuses: Evidence From Population-Level Data View PDF for article titled, Physical and Mental Health Disparities at the Intersection of Sexual and <span class="search-highlight">Gender</span> Minority Statuses: Evidence From Population-Level Data
Includes: Supplementary data