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Fig. 1 (a) GDP per capita of the 50 poorest countries in the 1950s, based on cross-sectionally and longitudinally comparable income data over the period 1950–2018; (b) systolic blood pressure among MLSFH respondents; and (c) annual change in systolic blood pressure during 2013–2017. Panel a data are based on the Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden 2020). Panel b results are based on an ordinary least-squares regression of systolic blood pressure for year pairs (e.g., 1939 and 1940, 1941 and 1942), gender, region of residence, birth, and a dummy variable for whether the survey was administered in 2017 or 2019. The reference category corresponds to the cohorts with likely in utero exposure to the famine, that is, 1949 and 1950. Panel c results are based on an ordinary least-squares regression of the change in systolic blood pressure from 2013 to 2017 on year pairs, gender, region of residence, and birth. The reference category corresponds to the cohorts with likely in utero exposure to the famine. Panel b and c graphs show 95% confidence intervals with standard errors clustered at the year pair level. BP = blood pressure.

(a) GDP per capita of the 50 poorest countries in the 1950s, based on cross...

Open Access
in Barker's Hypothesis Among the Global Poor: Positive Long-Term Cardiovascular Effects of in Utero Famine Exposure > Demography
Published: 01 December 2023
Fig. 1 (a) GDP per capita of the 50 poorest countries in the 1950s, based on cross-sectionally and longitudinally comparable income data over the period 1950–2018; (b) systolic blood pressure among MLSFH respondents; and (c) annual change in systolic blood pressure during 2013–2017. Panel a data More
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Fig. 1 (a) GDP per capita of the 50 poorest countries in the 1950s, based on cross-sectionally and longitudinally comparable income data over the period 1950–2018; (b) systolic blood pressure among MLSFH respondents; and (c) annual change in systolic blood pressure during 2013–2017. Panel a data are based on the Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden 2020). Panel b results are based on an ordinary least-squares regression of systolic blood pressure for year pairs (e.g., 1939 and 1940, 1941 and 1942), gender, region of residence, birth, and a dummy variable for whether the survey was administered in 2017 or 2019. The reference category corresponds to the cohorts with likely in utero exposure to the famine, that is, 1949 and 1950. Panel c results are based on an ordinary least-squares regression of the change in systolic blood pressure from 2013 to 2017 on year pairs, gender, region of residence, and birth. The reference category corresponds to the cohorts with likely in utero exposure to the famine. Panel b and c graphs show 95% confidence intervals with standard errors clustered at the year pair level. BP = blood pressure.

(a) GDP per capita of the 50 poorest countries in the 1950s, based on cross...

Open Access
in Barker's Hypothesis Among the Global Poor: Positive Long-Term Cardiovascular Effects of in Utero Famine Exposure > Demography
Published: 01 December 2023
Fig. 1 (a) GDP per capita of the 50 poorest countries in the 1950s, based on cross-sectionally and longitudinally comparable income data over the period 1950–2018; (b) systolic blood pressure among MLSFH respondents; and (c) annual change in systolic blood pressure during 2013–2017. Panel a data More
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Log real GDP per capita: Trend and cycle

Log real GDP per capita: Trend and cycle

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in Being Born Under Adverse Economic Conditions Leads to a Higher Cardiovascular Mortality Rate Later in Life: Evidence Based on Individuals Born at Different Stages of the Business Cycle > Demography
Published: 21 April 2011
Fig. 1 Log real GDP per capita: Trend and cycle More
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The logarithm of real GDP per capita and life expectancy for five countries in Group 1 (upper panels), Group 2 (middle panels), and Group 3 (lower panels). For a better illustration, we demean the series and normalize it with a standard deviation of 1

The logarithm of real GDP per capita and life expectancy for five countries...

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in Modeling and Forecasting Mortality With Economic Growth: A Multipopulation Approach > Demography
Published: 25 September 2017
Fig. 1 The logarithm of real GDP per capita and life expectancy for five countries in Group 1 (upper panels), Group 2 (middle panels), and Group 3 (lower panels). For a better illustration, we demean the series and normalize it with a standard deviation of 1 More
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A line graph showing the trajectory of GDP per capita for the baseline, high educational investment, and lowest-low fertility scenarios from 2015 to 2090, with GDP per capita on the y-axis and year on the x-axis. The baseline scenario is scaled to 100%. In the high educational investment scenario, GDP per capita follows a similar path to the lowest-low fertility scenario until around 2040. It then increases almost steadily from 100% in 2015 to more than 110% by 2090. The lowest-low fertility scenario, on the other hand, initially increases from 2015 to around 2050, but then declines, ending below 100% by 2090.

The trajectory of GDP per capita for the three scenarios, with the baseline...

Open Access
in Declining Fertility, Human Capital Investment, and Economic Sustainability > Demography
Published: 01 April 2025
Fig. 5 The trajectory of GDP per capita for the three scenarios, with the baseline scenario scaled to 100 More
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Per capita GDP (constant 2010 dollars): China, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand, 1970–2015. Source: World Bank (2017)

Per capita GDP (constant 2010 dollars): China, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thail...

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in Is Demography Just a Numerical Exercise? Numbers, Politics, and Legacies of China’s One-Child Policy > Demography
Published: 05 April 2018
Fig. 2 Per capita GDP (constant 2010 dollars): China, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand, 1970–2015. Source: World Bank ( 2017 ) More
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Per capita GDP (PPP international dollars) in China, Thailand, Vietnam, and a 16-country average, and TFRs within each five-year interval, 1990–2016. The 16-country comparator was proposed by Wang et al. (2013). TFRs shown refer to each five-year interval (e.g., 1990–1995, 1995–2000, and so on). Sources: Per capita GDP PPP International Dollars from World Bank (2017); TFRs from United Nations Population Division (2017)

Per capita GDP (PPP international dollars) in China, Thailand, Vietnam, and...

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in If Science Had Come First: A Billion Person Fable for the Ages (A Reply to Comments) > Demography
Published: 05 April 2018
Fig. 3 Per capita GDP (PPP international dollars) in China, Thailand, Vietnam, and a 16-country average, and TFRs within each five-year interval, 1990–2016. The 16-country comparator was proposed by Wang et al. ( 2013 ). TFRs shown refer to each five-year interval (e.g., 1990–1995, 1995–2000 More
Journal Article

Modeling and Forecasting Mortality With Economic Growth: A Multipopulation Approach

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Tim J. Boonen, Hong Li
Demography (2017) 54 (5): 1921–1946.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0610-2
Published: 25 September 2017
...Fig. 1 The logarithm of real GDP per capita and life expectancy for five countries in Group 1 (upper panels), Group 2 (middle panels), and Group 3 (lower panels). For a better illustration, we demean the series and normalize it with a standard deviation of 1 ...
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View articletitled, Modeling and Forecasting Mortality With Economic Growth: A Multipopulation Approach View PDF for article titled, Modeling and Forecasting Mortality With Economic Growth: A Multipopulation Approach
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Heterogeneity in the Strehler-Mildvan General Theory of Mortality and Aging

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Hui Zheng, Yang Yang, Kenneth C. Land
Demography (2011) 48 (1): 267–290.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0013-8
Published: 23 February 2011
... of zero vitality; and (6) larger agricultural and food productivities, higher labor participation rates, higher percentages of population living in urban areas, and larger GDP per capita and GDP per unit of energy use are important beneficial national ecological system factors that can promote survival...
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View articletitled, Heterogeneity in the Strehler-Mildvan General Theory of Mortality and Aging View PDF for article titled, Heterogeneity in the Strehler-Mildvan General Theory of Mortality and Aging
Journal Article

Determinants of Mexico-U.S. Outward and Return Migration Flows: A State-Level Panel Data Analysis

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Isabelle Chort, Maëlys de la Rupelle
Demography (2016) 53 (5): 1453–1476.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0503-9
Published: 13 September 2016
...) (0.27) (1.57) ln Network 1.113** 1.111** 1.107* 0.253 1.141** (0.38) (0.36) (0.52) (0.56) (0.36) ln GDP per Capita (lag 1) 2.108** 2.094** 2.569** 2.150** (0.54) (0.52) (0.55) (0.53) ln GDP per Capita (lag 1) × Post-2003 –0.678** –0.665** –0.697** –0.654...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Determinants of Mexico-U.S. Outward and Return Migration Flows: A State-Level Panel Data Analysis View PDF for article titled, Determinants of Mexico-U.S. Outward and Return Migration Flows: A State-Level Panel Data Analysis
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Trends in Mortality Decrease and Economic Growth

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Geng Niu, Bertrand Melenberg
Demography (2014) 51 (5): 1755–1773.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0328-3
Published: 03 October 2014
... the existing stochastic models and pave the way for future developments of models including explanatory elements. Among a number of potential factors, we focus on the role of economic growth, where real GDP per capita is applied as proxy. In the long run, the trend in economic growth, as measured by real GDP...
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View articletitled, Trends in Mortality Decrease and Economic Growth View PDF for article titled, Trends in Mortality Decrease and Economic Growth
Includes: Supplementary data
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Economic growth, educational expansion and cohort changes in sibship size disadvantage in the years of education: the red dashed line shows the fitted line when East Asian countries are excluded. GDP per capita is are measured by the three-year averages around the beginning year (1960) and the end year (1990). These years, 1960 and 1990, capture the teenage years of the 1941–1950 cohort and the 1971–1980 cohort. We compare the 1941–1950 cohort (not the 1931–1940 cohort) with the 1971–1980 cohort because GDP per capita is available only from 1960 for many countries. For educational expansion, we use the difference in the average years of educational attainment between the 1931–1940 cohort and the 1971–1980 cohort from our ISEAD samples. Source: World Bank database (GDP per capita).

Economic growth, educational expansion and cohort changes in sibship size d...

Open Access
in Cohort Trends in the Association Between Sibship Size and Educational Attainment in 26 Low-Fertility Countries > Demography
Published: 22 June 2020
Fig. 5 Economic growth, educational expansion and cohort changes in sibship size disadvantage in the years of education: the red dashed line shows the fitted line when East Asian countries are excluded. GDP per capita is are measured by the three-year averages around the beginning year (1960 More
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Observed, predicted, and counterfactual-predicted values of total marital fertility rates at age 20 by five-year periods assuming (1) no infant and early childhood mortality decline after 1880–1884; (2) no mortality decline and no rise in GDP per capita after 1880–1884; and (3) no mortality decline, no rise in GDP per capita, and no rise in unemployment after 1880–1884. Data are from computations based on results presented in Table 2

Observed, predicted, and counterfactual-predicted values of total marital f...

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in Marital Fertility Decline in the Netherlands: Child Mortality, Real Wages, and Unemployment, 1860–1939 > Demography
Published: 20 June 2012
Fig. 5 Observed, predicted, and counterfactual-predicted values of total marital fertility rates at age 20 by five-year periods assuming (1) no infant and early childhood mortality decline after 1880–1884; (2) no mortality decline and no rise in GDP per capita after 1880–1884; and (3 More
Journal Article

Socioeconomic Factors Have Been the Major Driving Force of China’s Fertility Changes Since the Mid-1990s

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Zhongwei Zhao, Guangyu Zhang
Demography (2018) 55 (2): 733–742.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0662-y
Published: 05 April 2018
... and Development Review , 38 ( Suppl. 1 ), 115 – 129 . World Bank . ( 2017 ). World Development Indicators (GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$) . Washington, DC : World Bank . Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD Zhai Z. , Zhang X. , & Jin Y. ( 2014...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Socioeconomic Factors Have Been the Major Driving Force of China’s Fertility Changes Since the Mid-1990s View PDF for article titled, Socioeconomic Factors Have Been the Major Driving Force of China’s Fertility Changes Since the Mid-1990s
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Total fertility rates (TFRs) in China and Taiwan, 1980–2014, with GDP per capita in key years. Taiwan’s fertility since the 1970s has regularly dipped in the Years of the Tiger (1974, 1986, 1998, and 2010) and spiked in the Years of the Dragon (1976, 1988, 2000, and 2012). See Goodkind (1993). Sources: GDP per capita (PPP, international $) for China and Taiwan: International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook (October 2015; data for Taiwan are not available from the World Bank). TFRs for China: see Fig. 1. TFRs for Taiwan: Statistical Yearbooks of the Republic of China

Total fertility rates (TFRs) in China and Taiwan, 1980–2014, with GDP per c...

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in The Astonishing Population Averted by China’s Birth Restrictions: Estimates, Nightmares, and Reprogrammed Ambitions > Demography
Published: 31 July 2017
Fig. 6 Total fertility rates (TFRs) in China and Taiwan, 1980–2014, with GDP per capita in key years. Taiwan’s fertility since the 1970s has regularly dipped in the Years of the Tiger (1974, 1986, 1998, and 2010) and spiked in the Years of the Dragon (1976, 1988, 2000, and 2012). See Goodkind More
Journal Article

Gender and the Politics of Death: Female Representation, Political and Developmental Context, and Population Health in a Cross-National Panel

Open Access
Ross Macmillan, Naila Shofia, Wendy Sigle
Demography (2018) 55 (5): 1905–1934.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0697-0
Published: 20 August 2018
... mortality in 2010 for countries whose GDP per capita was less than US$5,000. Two points of comparison are instructive. Among countries in the middle of the development distribution (approximately $1,100 per capita, or 7 on the log scale), Chad has a very high rate of child mortality at 145 per 1,000, while...
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View articletitled, Gender and the Politics of Death: Female Representation, Political and Developmental Context, and Population Health in a Cross-National Panel View PDF for article titled, Gender and the Politics of Death: Female Representation, Political and Developmental Context, and Population Health in a Cross-National Panel
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Marital Fertility Decline in the Netherlands: Child Mortality, Real Wages, and Unemployment, 1860–1939

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Jona Schellekens, Frans van Poppel
Demography (2012) 49 (3): 965–988.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0112-1
Published: 20 June 2012
...Fig. 5 Observed, predicted, and counterfactual-predicted values of total marital fertility rates at age 20 by five-year periods assuming (1) no infant and early childhood mortality decline after 1880–1884; (2) no mortality decline and no rise in GDP per capita after 1880–1884; and (3...
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View articletitled, Marital Fertility Decline in the Netherlands: Child Mortality, Real Wages, and Unemployment, 1860–1939 View PDF for article titled, Marital Fertility Decline in the Netherlands: Child Mortality, Real Wages, and Unemployment, 1860–1939
Journal Article

Compulsory Schooling Laws and Migration Across European Countries

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Ainhoa Aparicio Fenoll, Zoë Kuehn
Demography (2017) 54 (6): 2181–2200.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0615-x
Published: 02 October 2017
... as the interactions of country and age group with year dummy variables, we are able to account for any macroeconomic variables that do not vary by age group (e.g., GDP per capita) as well as cohort-specific factors that influence migration propensities (e.g., different labor market prospects of young and old...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Compulsory Schooling Laws and Migration Across European Countries View PDF for article titled, Compulsory Schooling Laws and Migration Across European Countries
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Age-Specific Correlates of Child Growth

Open Access
Matthias Rieger, Sofia Karina Trommlerová
Demography (2016) 53 (1): 241–267.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-015-0449-3
Published: 04 January 2016
..., GDP per capita). Most likely, the naïve OLS estimates are capturing omitted structural characteristics across countries, communities, and households, which in turn bias the coefficients. For instance, drought at the time of the survey is, counterintuitively, positively associated with HAZ (β 3...
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View articletitled, Age-Specific Correlates of Child Growth View PDF for article titled, Age-Specific Correlates of Child Growth
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

The impact of war, famine, and economic decline on marital fertility in ethiopia

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David P. Lindstrom, Betemariam Berhanu
Demography (1999) 36 (2): 247–261.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2648112
Published: 01 May 1999
... the timing of major events and to measure their intensity, we graph trends in the annual number of military attacks, real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and percentage changes in the food and consumer price indexes. Dramatic changes for the worse in these four measures represent the different...
View articletitled, The impact of war, famine, and economic decline on marital fertility in ethiopia View PDF for article titled, The impact of war, famine, and economic decline on marital fertility in ethiopia