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IE estimates with effect coding for the fictitious data in Table 1, with last and first categories of age, period, and cohort omitted. The solid line represents the default IE, with effect coding and the last category omitted. The dashed line indicates the alternative IE, with effect coding and the first category omitted

IE estimates with effect coding for the fictitious data in Table  1 , with ...

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in The Non-uniqueness Property of the Intrinsic Estimator in APC Models > Demography
Published: 31 December 2014
Fig. 1 IE estimates with effect coding for the fictitious data in Table  1 , with last and first categories of age, period, and cohort omitted. The solid line represents the default IE, with effect coding and the last category omitted. The dashed line indicates the alternative IE, with effect More
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IE estimates with effect coding and last categories omitted and IE estimates with lowest and highest slopes of age, period, and cohort (Berkeley Human Mortality Database). The solid line represents the (last) categories 19, 8, and 26 omitted. The dashed line indicates categories 1, 8, and 26 omitted. The dotted line indicates categories 19, 2, and 14 omitted

IE estimates with effect coding and last categories omitted and IE estimate...

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in The Non-uniqueness Property of the Intrinsic Estimator in APC Models > Demography
Published: 31 December 2014
Fig. 2 IE estimates with effect coding and last categories omitted and IE estimates with lowest and highest slopes of age, period, and cohort (Berkeley Human Mortality Database). The solid line represents the (last) categories 19, 8, and 26 omitted. The dashed line indicates categories 1, 8 More
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IE default (Masters et al. 2014) with effect coding and IE alternative estimates for all all-cause mortality in black and white females using dummy coding

IE default (Masters et al. 2014 ) with effect coding and IE alternative es...

Open Access
in The Intrinsic Estimator, Alternative Estimates, and Predictions of Mortality Trends: A Comment on Masters, Hummer, Powers, Beck, Lin, and Finch > Demography
Published: 12 May 2016
Fig. 2 IE default (Masters et al. 2014 ) with effect coding and IE alternative estimates for all all-cause mortality in black and white females using dummy coding More
Journal Article

The Non-uniqueness Property of the Intrinsic Estimator in APC Models

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Ben Pelzer, Manfred te Grotenhuis, Rob Eisinga, Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran
Demography (2015) 52 (1): 315–327.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0360-3
Published: 31 December 2014
...Fig. 1 IE estimates with effect coding for the fictitious data in Table  1 , with last and first categories of age, period, and cohort omitted. The solid line represents the default IE, with effect coding and the last category omitted. The dashed line indicates the alternative IE, with effect...
FIGURES
View articletitled, The Non-uniqueness Property of the Intrinsic Estimator in APC Models View PDF for article titled, The Non-uniqueness Property of the Intrinsic Estimator in APC Models
Journal Article

Fitting Age-Period-Cohort Models Using the Intrinsic Estimator: Assumptions and Misapplications

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Ryan K. Masters, Daniel A. Powers, Robert A. Hummer, Audrey Beck, Shih-Fan Lin ...
Demography (2016) 53 (4): 1253–1259.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0481-y
Published: 15 June 2016
...-period-cohort analysis: New models, methods, and empirical applications . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . 18 5 2016 15 6 2016 © Population Association of America 2016 2016 Bayesian Information Criterion Effect Code Dummy Code Intrinsic Estimator Ridge Regression Estimator...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Fitting Age-Period-Cohort Models Using the Intrinsic Estimator: Assumptions and Misapplications View PDF for article titled, Fitting Age-Period-Cohort Models Using the Intrinsic Estimator: Assumptions and Misapplications
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Bar graph showing predicted sibling correlation by country.

Predicted sibling correlations (SC) with 95% confidence intervals, by count...

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in The Total Effect of Social Origins on Educational Attainment: Meta-analysis of Sibling Correlations From 18 Countries > Demography
Published: 01 October 2024
Fig. 3 Predicted sibling correlations (SC) with 95% confidence intervals, by country, from a random-effects meta-regression on country and cohort. Birth cohort is held constant at the 1960s. For the meta-regression analyses, England is coded as the United Kingdom, and West Germany is coded More
Journal Article

The Intrinsic Estimator, Alternative Estimates, and Predictions of Mortality Trends: A Comment on Masters, Hummer, Powers, Beck, Lin, and Finch

Open Access
Manfred te Grotenhuis, Ben Pelzer, Liying Luo, Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran
Demography (2016) 53 (4): 1245–1252.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0476-8
Published: 12 May 2016
...Fig. 2 IE default (Masters et al. 2014 ) with effect coding and IE alternative estimates for all all-cause mortality in black and white females using dummy coding ...
FIGURES | View All (5)
View articletitled, The Intrinsic Estimator, Alternative Estimates, and Predictions of Mortality Trends: A Comment on Masters, Hummer, Powers, Beck, Lin, and Finch View PDF for article titled, The Intrinsic Estimator, Alternative Estimates, and Predictions of Mortality Trends: A Comment on Masters, Hummer, Powers, Beck, Lin, and Finch
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Fig. 1 Selected field-of-study coefficients (right panel) and gender gaps in coefficients (left panel) on the probability of entering a male-dominated occupation (i.e., in which the proportion of male workers is at or above the share of men in the college-educated employed labor force). Coefficients are based on effect coding and are interpreted as deviations from the gender-specific grand mean. Row labels are formatted according to field linkage. Row labels in bold type indicate strongly linked fields, bold and italicized row labels indicate fields in the middle tercile of linkage, and row labels in plain type indicate weakly linked fields. Data Source: 2019 five-year American Community Survey Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS).

Selected field-of-study coefficients (right panel) and gender gaps in coeff...

Open Access
in How Gender Segregation in Higher Education Contributes to Gender Segregation in the U.S. Labor Market > Demography
Published: 01 June 2023
). Coefficients are based on effect coding and are interpreted as deviations from the gender-specific grand mean. Row labels are formatted according to field linkage. Row labels in bold type indicate strongly linked fields, bold and italicized row labels indicate fields in the middle tercile of linkage, and row More
Journal Article

Two measures of geographic location and their relation to income

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James N. Morgan, Ismail Sirageldin
Demography (1970) 7 (2): 169–173.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2060408
Published: 01 May 1970
...James N. Morgan; Ismail Sirageldin Abstract Two different ways of categorizing people’s geographical location are compared as to their relation to earned incomes of family heads, after adjustment for education, age, sex and race. One, the traditional code, uses the size of the city in which...
View articletitled, Two measures of geographic location and their relation to income View PDF for article titled, Two measures of geographic location and their relation to income
Journal Article

Calculation of life tables from survey data: A technical note

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Noreen Goldman, Anne R. Pebley, Graham Lord
Demography (1984) 21 (4): 647–653.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2060920
Published: 01 November 1984
...Noreen Goldman; Anne R. Pebley; Graham Lord Abstract Life table calculations from survey data are frequently based on events for which exact dates are not available. When these dates are coded in monthly form (e.g., century months), estimates should take into account the fact that the first...
View articletitled, Calculation of life tables from survey data: A technical note View PDF for article titled, Calculation of life tables from survey data: A technical note
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Point estimates of country fixed effects in Models 1–4 in Table 2. Countries ordered by country fixed effects from Model 1. Country codes: AT = Austria, BE = Belgium, BG = Bulgaria, EE = Estonia, ES = Spain, FR = France, GR = Greece, IT = Italy, LT = Lithuania, LU = Luxembourg, LV = Latvia, PL = Poland, PT = Portugal, RO = Romania, SE = Sweden, SI = Slovenia

Point estimates of country fixed effects in Models 1–4 in Table 2 . Countr...

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in Educational Pairings, Motherhood, and Women’s Relative Earnings in Europe > Demography
Published: 30 October 2017
Fig. 3 Point estimates of country fixed effects in Models 1–4 in Table 2 . Countries ordered by country fixed effects from Model 1. Country codes: AT = Austria, BE = Belgium, BG = Bulgaria, EE = Estonia, ES = Spain, FR = France, GR = Greece, IT = Italy, LT = Lithuania, LU = Luxembourg, LV More
Journal Article

How Gender Segregation in Higher Education Contributes to Gender Segregation in the U.S. Labor Market

Open Access
Haowen Zheng, Kim A. Weeden
Demography (2023) 60 (3): 761–784.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10653728
Published: 01 June 2023
...). Coefficients are based on effect coding and are interpreted as deviations from the gender-specific grand mean. Row labels are formatted according to field linkage. Row labels in bold type indicate strongly linked fields, bold and italicized row labels indicate fields in the middle tercile of linkage, and row...
FIGURES
View articletitled, How Gender Segregation in Higher Education Contributes to Gender Segregation in the U.S. Labor Market View PDF for article titled, How Gender Segregation in Higher Education Contributes to Gender Segregation in the U.S. Labor Market
Includes: Supplementary data
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Scatterplot and OLS regression line of country-specific gender role attitudes (horizontal axis) and country-specific effects of hypogamy compared with other educational pairings (vertical axis). Horizontal axis is percentage agreeing with the statement “Women should be prepared to cut down on paid work for sake of family” (left panel) and with “Men should have more right to job than women when jobs are scarce” (right panel). Each vertical axis represents the country-specific effect of hypogamy compared with homogamy (upper panels) and hypergamy (lower panels). Country codes: AT = Austria, BE = Belgium, BG = Bulgaria, EE = Estonia, ES = Spain, FR = France, GR = Greece, IT=Italy, LT = Lithuania, LU = Luxembourg, LV = Latvia, PL = Poland, PT = Portugal, RO = Romania, SE = Sweden, SI = Slovenia

Scatterplot and OLS regression line of country-specific gender role attitud...

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in Educational Pairings, Motherhood, and Women’s Relative Earnings in Europe > Demography
Published: 30 October 2017
down on paid work for sake of family” (left panel) and with “Men should have more right to job than women when jobs are scarce” (right panel). Each vertical axis represents the country-specific effect of hypogamy compared with homogamy (upper panels) and hypergamy (lower panels) . Country codes More
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Fig. 2 Main regression result 1: Coefficients for mother's intrahousehold rank predicting early-life mortality. Each confidence interval (CI) and coefficient estimate corresponds to β^ in a separate regression estimate of yihv = β lowerihv + αhv + Xihv θ + δihv + ϵihv, where y is the specified early-life mortality indicator (scaled as deaths per 1,000), lower is an indicator of being a child of the lower-ranking mother, α represents household (h) fixed effects, and X are other controls as specified (although in each regression, these include child sex and century-month-code cohort of birth fixed effects). Standard errors are clustered by village (v). Full regression tables are shown in Table A3 in the online appendix.

Main regression result 1: Coefficients for mother's intrahousehold rank pre...

Open Access
in Mothers' Social Status and Children's Health: Evidence From Joint Households in Rural India > Demography
Published: 01 October 2022
are other controls as specified (although in each regression, these include child sex and century-month-code cohort of birth fixed effects). Standard errors are clustered by village ( v ). Full regression tables are shown in Table A3 in the online appendix. More
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Fig. 3 Association between COVID infection at the time of delivery and preterm birth among persons with a singleton birth in California from June 22, 2020, to November 28, 2021. Predicted probabilities of preterm birth were obtained from linear probability models with fixed effects for hospital/place of birth and week of birth. Solid symbols indicate parameter estimates, and vertical bars depict 95% confidence intervals. Results are from a linear probability model with fixed effects for birth facility and week of birth. Covariates include the mother's age, age squared, birth parity, education, race/ethnicity, foreign-born status, and ZIP code of residence socioeconomic quartile. In panel b, the model specification includes a cross-product term between the mother's race/ethnicity indicators and an indicator for COVID infection during pregnancy. In panel c, the model specification includes a cross-product term between the mother's educational attainment and an indicator for COVID infection at the time of delivery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was measured at the time of delivery hospitalization. HS = high school. BA = bachelor's degree. Source: California vital statistics.

Association between COVID infection at the time of delivery and preterm bir...

Open Access
in The Unequal Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Infant Health > Demography
Published: 01 December 2022
Fig. 3 Association between COVID infection at the time of delivery and preterm birth among persons with a singleton birth in California from June 22, 2020, to November 28, 2021. Predicted probabilities of preterm birth were obtained from linear probability models with fixed effects for hospital More
Journal Article

Flooding, Sociospatial Risk, and Population Health

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Ethan J. Raker
Demography (2025) 62 (1): 61–85.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11792975
Published: 01 February 2025
..., addressed fully later. In a second specification, I include ZIP code fixed effects in π j that absorb treatment group ( g ) differences in β 2 and adjust for unobserved heterogeneity across ZIP codes. I fit a model as follows: y i j g = β 0 + β 1 Post i j g + β 3...
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View articletitled, Flooding, Sociospatial Risk, and Population Health View PDF for article titled, Flooding, Sociospatial Risk, and Population Health
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Childbearing and family in remarriage

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Janet D. Griffith, Helen P. Koo, C. M. Suchindran
Demography (1985) 22 (1): 73–88.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2060987
Published: 01 February 1985
..., which reports the results of the analysis. Special coding was needed to enter the number of children and age of youngest child variables into the proportional haz- ards model. Because it was hypothesized that the effects of these factors would not necessarily be linear, they were repre- sented by dummy...
View articletitled, Childbearing and family in remarriage View PDF for article titled, Childbearing and family in remarriage
Journal Article

Assimilation and Health: Evidence From Linked Birth Records of Second- and Third-Generation Hispanics

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Osea Giuntella
Demography (2016) 53 (6): 1979–2004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0522-6
Published: 21 November 2016
...) (0.003) (0.002) Second-Generation Birth Weight No Yes Yes Yes Grandmother (GM) Fixed Effects No No Yes Yes Sociodemographic Controls No No No Yes Zip Code Characteristics No No No Yes Mean of the Dependent Variable 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 SD 0.226 0.226 0.226...
View articletitled, Assimilation and Health: Evidence From Linked Birth Records of Second- and Third-Generation Hispanics View PDF for article titled, Assimilation and Health: Evidence From Linked Birth Records of Second- and Third-Generation Hispanics
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational Coding System

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Francine D. Blau, Peter Brummund, Albert Yung-Hsu Liu
Demography (2013) 50 (2): 471–492.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0151-7
Published: 02 October 2012
...Francine D. Blau; Peter Brummund; Albert Yung-Hsu Liu Abstract In this article, we develop a gender-specific crosswalk based on dual-coded Current Population Survey data to bridge the change in the census occupational coding system that occurred in 2000 and use it to provide the first analysis...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational <span class="search-highlight">Coding</span> System View PDF for article titled, Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational <span class="search-highlight">Coding</span> System
Journal Article

Immigrants and natives in U.S. science and engineering occupations, 1994–2006

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Mariano Sana
Demography (2010) 47 (3): 801–820.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0117
Published: 01 August 2010
... Demography, Volume 47-Number 3, August 2010 The growth of each of the six subpopulations can be better appreciated in Figure 4, which shows indices based in 1994. The ¿ gure also shows the effect of the reclassi¿ ca- tion of occupations: for the two series on S&Es, estimates from data coded using the 1980...
View articletitled, Immigrants and natives in U.S. science and engineering occupations, 1994–2006 View PDF for article titled, Immigrants and natives in U.S. science and engineering occupations, 1994–2006